【B1-B2-Grammar】13 Modals-permission and obligation-情态：许可和义务
【B1-B2-Grammar】13 Modals-permission and obligation-情态：许可和义务
Do you know how to use modal verbs to talk about permission and obligation? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you.你知道如何使用情态动词来谈论许可和义务吗？通过互动练习测试您所掌握的知识，并阅读说明来帮助您。
Look at these examples to see how can, can’t, must, mustn’t, have to and don’t have to are used.查看这些示例，了解如何使用 can、can’t、must、mustn’t、have to 和 don’t have to。
You can put your shoes and coat over there. 你可以把鞋子和外套放在那里。
You can’t leave your bike there. 你不能把自行车留在那里。
I must call the electrician and get that light fixed. 我必须打电话给电工把灯修好。
You mustn’t worry about me. I’ll be fine. 你不必担心我。我会没事儿的。
You have to have a licence to drive a car. 您必须拥有驾驶执照才能驾驶汽车。
You don’t have to have a licence to cycle on the roads. 您无需持有执照即可在道路上骑自行车。
Try this exercise to test your grammar.尝试这个练习来测试你的语法。
Grammar test 1-语法测试1
Modals – permission and obligation: 1
Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
- Question
- I’d love to come to the cinema but I _____ hand in this assignment tomorrow.
must
have to
can- You _____ hit your sister again! Do you understand?
mustn’t
can
don’t have to- _____ I borrow your black dress tonight, please?
Can
Must
Mustn’t- You _____ memorise the whole thing. Just try to remember the key points.
have to
mustn’t
don’t have to- The hostel is totally vegetarian. You _____ cook or eat meat there.
can’t
must
don’t have to- I did this yesterday – I can help you! You _____ fill in the form and attach an up-to-date passport photo.
must
have to
can- (Airport notice) Liquids _____ be in 100ml containers and in a closed plastic bag.
have to
must
can- You _____ park your car here for a maximum of 30 minutes.
have to
don’t have to
can
- Answer
- I’d love to come to the cinema but I _____ hand in this assignment tomorrow.
must
✔have to
can- You _____ hit your sister again! Do you understand?
✔mustn’t
can
don’t have to- _____ I borrow your black dress tonight, please?
✔Can
Must
Mustn’t- You _____ memorise the whole thing. Just try to remember the key points.
have to
mustn’t
✔don’t have to- The hostel is totally vegetarian. You _____ cook or eat meat there.
✔can’t
must
don’t have to- I did this yesterday – I can help you! You _____ fill in the form and attach an up-to-date passport photo.
must
✔have to
can- (Airport notice) Liquids _____ be in 100ml containers and in a closed plastic bag.
have to
✔must
can- You _____ park your car here for a maximum of 30 minutes.
have to
don’t have to
✔can
Read the explanation to learn more.阅读说明以了解更多信息。
Grammar explanation-语法解释
We often use verbs with modal meanings to talk about permission and obligation.我们经常使用具有情态含义的动词来谈论许可和义务。
Permission-允许
can-能
We often use can to ask for and give permission.我们经常使用 can 来请求和给予许可。
Can I sit here? 我可不可以坐在这里？
You can use my car if you like. 如果你愿意的话可以用我的车。
Can I make a suggestion? 我可以提个建议吗？
could-可以
We also use could to ask for permission (but not to give it). Could is more formal and polite than can.我们还使用 can 来请求许可（但不给予许可）。 Could 比can 更正式、更有礼貌。
Could I ask you something? 我可以问你一件事吗？
Could I interrupt? 我可以打断一下吗？
Could I borrow your pen for a moment, please? 我可以借一下你的笔吗？
may-可能
May is the most formal way to ask for and give permission. May是请求和给予许可的最正式方式。
May I see your passport, please? “我可以看一下你的护照吗？”
Customers may request a refund within a period of 30 days. 客户可以在 30 天内要求退款。
These pages may be photocopied for classroom use. 这些资料可以复印以供课堂使用。
Prohibition-禁止
We use can’t and mustn’t to show that something is prohibited – it is not allowed.我们用can’t 和musn’t 来表示某事是被禁止的——这是不允许的。
can’t-不能
We use can’t to talk about something that is against the rules, particularly when we didn’t make the rules.我们用 can’t 来谈论违反规则的事情，特别是当规则不是我们制定的时候。
What does this sign say? Oh, we can’t park here. 这个标志说了什么？哦，我们不能在这里停车。
You can’t take photos in the museum. They’re really strict about it. 博物馆里不能拍照。他们对此确实很严格。
Sorry, we can’t sell knives to under-18s. 抱歉，我们不能向 18 岁以下的青少年出售刀具。
must not/mustn’t-不可以/不可以
We use must not to talk about what is not permitted. It is common on public signs and notices informing people of rules and laws.我们用“must not”来谈论不被允许的事情。它常见于告知人们规则和法律的公共标志和通知中。
Visitors must not park in the staff car park. 访客不得将车停在员工停车场。
Baggage must not be left unattended. 行李不得无人看管。
Guests must not make noise after 10 p.m. 晚上 10 点后客人不得喧闹。
We use mustn’t particularly when the prohibition comes from the speaker.特别是当说话者发出禁令时，我们使用“mustn’t”。
(Parent to child) *You mustn’t say things like that to your sister.*（家长对孩子）你不可以对你妹妹说这样的话。
(Teacher to student) You mustn’t be late to class. （老师对学生）上课不能迟到。
I mustn’t let that happen again. 我决不能让这种事再次发生。
Obligation-义务
We use have to and must to express obligation. There is a slight difference between the way we use them.我们使用have to和must来表达义务。我们使用它们的方式略有不同。
have to-必须
Have to shows us that the obligation comes from outside the speaker. 必须向我们表明义务来自说话者之外。
We have to wear a uniform when we’re working in reception. 我们在接待处工作时必须穿制服。
(Student to teacher) When do we have to hand in our homework? （学生对老师）我们什么时候交作业？
Al has to work tomorrow so he can’t come. 艾尔明天要工作，所以他不能来。
We sometimes call this ‘external obligation’.我们有时称之为“外部义务”。
must-必须
Must expresses a strong obligation or necessity. It often shows us that the obligation comes from the speaker (or the authority that wrote the sentence). 必须表达强烈的义务或必要性。它经常向我们表明，义务来自说话者（或写句子的权威）。
I must phone my dad. It’s his birthday today. 我必须给我爸爸打电话。今天是他的生日。
(Teacher to student) You must hand in your homework on Tuesday or you will lose ten per cent of your mark. （老师对学生）你必须在周二交作业，否则你将损失百分之十的分数。
(Sign on a plane) Seat belts must be worn by all passengers. （飞机上的标志）所有乘客都必须系好安全带。
Note that we don’t use must to express obligation in the past. We use have to instead.请注意，我们不使用“must”来表达过去的义务。我们用“have to”来代替。
I had to pay £85 to renew my passport last week. 上周我必须支付 85 英镑来更新我的护照。
No obligation- 无义务
don’t have to-不必
We use don’t have to to show that there is no obligation. You can do something if you want to but it’s not compulsory.我们用 don’t have to 来表示没有义务。如果你愿意，你可以做某事，但这不是强制性的。
You don’t have to wear a tie in our office but some people like to dress more formally. 在我们的办公室里你不必打领带，但有些人喜欢穿得更正式。
You don’t have to go to the bank to do a transfer. You can do it online. 您不必去银行进行转账。您可以在线完成。
You don’t have to come with me, honestly. I’ll be fine! 老实说，你不必跟我一起去。我会没事儿的！
Do this exercise to test your grammar again.做这个练习来再次测试你的语法。
Grammar test 2-语法测试2
Modals – permission and obligation: 2
Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
- Question
- _____ go to the party? I’m really tired.
Do we have to
Can we
Can’t we- (Parent to child) You _____ do your homework before watching television.
must
can
could- I’ll _____ wear the black dress tonight. The invitation said formal clothes.
can
have to
mustn’t- You _____ rent a car without a credit card.
don’t have to
mustn’t
can’t- I _____ forget to take my library books back on the way home.
mustn’t
don’t have to
have to- In the UK you can leave a tip in the pub if you want, but you _____.
mustn’t
couldn’t
don’t have to- (Notice on a train) Quiet carriage. Passengers _____ play music or talk on the phone in this part of the train.
can’t
must not
don’t have to- You _____ be a member to buy a ticket. It’s open to everyone.
have to
don’t have to
can
- Answer
- _____ go to the party? I’m really tired.
✔Do we have to
Can we
Can’t we- (Parent to child) You _____ do your homework before watching television.
✔must
can
could- I’ll _____ wear the black dress tonight. The invitation said formal clothes.
can
✔have to
mustn’t- You _____ rent a car without a credit card.
don’t have to
mustn’t
✔can’t- I _____ forget to take my library books back on the way home.
✔mustn’t
don’t have to
have to- In the UK you can leave a tip in the pub if you want, but you _____.
mustn’t
couldn’t
✔don’t have to- (Notice on a train) Quiet carriage. Passengers _____ play music or talk on the phone in this part of the train.
can’t
✔must not
don’t have to- You _____ be a member to buy a ticket. It’s open to everyone.
have to
✔don’t have to
can