001_英文杂志
0001_《科学》期刊，2024年10月18日，第6719期
0002_《科学》期刊，2024年10月25日，第6720期
《科学》（20241025出版）一周论文导读
Science, 25 OCT 2024, VOL 386, ISSUE 6720
《科学》2024年10月25日，第386卷，6720期
材料科学Materials Science
Reductive pathways in molten inorganic salts enable colloidal synthesis of III-V semiconductor nanocrystals
熔融无机盐还原途径实现III-V族半导体纳米晶的胶体合成
▲ 作者：JUSTIN C. ONDRY, ZIRUI ZHOU, KAILAI LIN, ARITRAJIT GUPTA, JUN HYUK CHANG, HAOQI WU, ET AL.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado7088
▲摘要：
胶体量子点具有尺寸可调的光电特性和可扩展的合成，实现了廉价高性能半导体的应用。合成科学的突破是实现量子点技术的关键，但重要的III-V族半导体，包括胶体砷化镓（GaAs），仍然无法用现有方法合成。
研究组介绍的高温熔融盐胶体合成技术可用于制备此前难以处理的胶体材料。利用熔融盐氧化还原化学和使用表面活性剂添加剂来控制纳米晶形状，研究组在熔融无机盐中直接成核和生长胶体量子点。
425℃以上的合成温度是实现光致发光GaAs量子点的关键，这强调了熔融盐溶剂实现高温的重要性。研究组推广了该方法，并展示了近十几种此前没有报道过的III-V族固溶体纳米晶成分。
▲ Abstract：
Colloidal quantum dots, with their size-tunable optoelectronic properties and scalable synthesis, enable applications in which inexpensive high-performance semiconductors are needed. Synthesis science breakthroughs have been key to the realization of quantum dot technologies, but important group III–group V semiconductors, including colloidal gallium arsenide (GaAs), still cannot be synthesized with existing approaches. The high-temperature molten salt colloidal synthesis introduced in this work enables the preparation of previously intractable colloidal materials. We directly nucleated and grew colloidal quantum dots in molten inorganic salts by harnessing molten salt redox chemistry and using surfactant additives for nanocrystal shape control. Synthesis temperatures above 425°C are critical for realizing photoluminescent GaAs quantum dots, which emphasizes the importance of high temperatures enabled by molten salt solvents. We generalize the methodology and demonstrate nearly a dozen III-V solid-solution nanocrystal compositions that have not been previously reported.
Topological grain boundary segregation transitions
拓扑晶界偏析相变
▲ 作者：VIVEK DEVULAPALLI, ENZE CHEN, TOBIAS BRINK, TIMOFEY FROLOV AND CHRISTIAN H. LIEBSCHER
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq4147
▲摘要：
利用溶质偏析技术设计晶界（GBs）结构是一种定制多晶材料性能的颇具前景的方法。从理论上讲，溶质偏析触发GB相变可为设计界面提供不同的途径，但缺乏对其本征原子性质的理解。
研究组结合了原子分辨率电子显微镜和原子模拟，发现钛中铁向GB的偏析稳定了二十面体单元（“笼”），形成了不同GB相的稳健构建块。由于其五重对称性，铁“笼”聚集并组装成具有不同数量和不同排列的二十面体单元构建块的分层GB相。
这种先进的GB结构预测算法和原子模拟验证了这些观察到的各相稳定性，以及相变所适应GB处铁的高过量。
▲ Abstract：
Engineering the structure of grain boundaries (GBs) by solute segregation is a promising strategy to tailor the properties of polycrystalline materials. Solute segregation triggering phase transitions at GBs has been suggested theoretically to offer different pathways to design interfaces, but an understanding of their intrinsic atomistic nature is missing. We combined atomic resolution electron microscopy and atomistic simulations to discover that iron segregation to GBs in titanium stabilizes icosahedral units (“cages”) that form robust building blocks of distinct GB phases. Owing to their five-fold symmetry, the iron cages cluster and assemble into hierarchical GB phases characterized by a different number and arrangement of the constituent icosahedral units. Our advanced GB structure prediction algorithms and atomistic simulations validate the stability of these observed phases and the high excess of iron at the GB that is accommodated by the phase transitions.
Soft hydrogel semiconductors with augmented biointeractive functions
软水凝胶半导体可增强生物交互功能
▲ 作者：YAHAO DAI, SHINYA WAI, PENGJU LI, NAISONG SHAN, ZHIQIANG CAO, YANG LI, ET AL.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp9314
▲摘要：
水凝胶因其与生物组织的机械和化学相似性而闻名，广泛应用于生物技术，而半导体则提供先进的电子和光电功能，如信号放大、传感和光调制。将半导体特性与水凝胶设计相结合可以增强生物界面处的生物交互功能和亲密性，但由于聚合物半导体的亲水性较低，这很难实现。
研究组开发了一种溶剂亲和诱导组装方法，将不溶于水的聚合物半导体结合到双网络水凝胶中。这些半导体表现出软至81千帕的组织级模量、150%应变的拉伸率、高达1.4平方厘米/伏/秒的载流子迁移率。当其与生物组织结合时，该组织级模量可减轻免疫反应。
水凝胶的高孔隙度增强了半导体-生物流体界面的分子相互作用，从而实现了具有更高响应的光调制和具有更高灵敏度的体积生物传感。
▲ Abstract：
Hydrogels, known for their mechanical and chemical similarity to biological tissues, are widely used in biotechnologies, whereas semiconductors provide advanced electronic and optoelectronic functionalities such as signal amplification, sensing, and photomodulation. Combining semiconducting properties with hydrogel designs can enhance biointeractive functions and intimacy at biointerfaces, but this is challenging owing to the low hydrophilicity of polymer semiconductors. We developed a solvent affinity–induced assembly method that incorporates water-insoluble polymer semiconductors into double-network hydrogels. These semiconductors exhibited tissue-level moduli as soft as 81 kilopascals, stretchability of 150% strain, and charge-carrier mobility up to 1.4 square centimeters per volt per second. When they are interfaced with biological tissues, their tissue-level modulus enables alleviated immune reactions. The hydrogel’s high porosity enhances molecular interactions at semiconductor-biofluid interfaces, resulting in photomodulation with higher response and volumetric biosensing with higher sensitivity.
能源科学Energy Science
Unification of insertion and supercapacitive storage concepts: Storage profiles in titania
插入式储能和超级电容储能概念的统一：二氧化钛中的储能概况
▲ 作者：CHUANLIAN XIAO, HONGGUANG WANG, ROBERT USISKIN, PETER A. VAN AKEN AND JOACHIM MAIER
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi5700
▲摘要：
电池电极中的插入式储能和超级电容储能通常被认为是两个独立的现象，因此由不同的科学界进行研究。
通过对不同厚度的氧化钛薄膜进行定制实验，研究组证明了这两个过程可同时发生。为了解释包含这两种贡献的整个存储分布，混合导体和邻近相中电荷载流子的（自由）能是唯一需要的材料参数。
实验结果实现了插入式储能和超级电容储能的统一，前者在厚膜中占主导地位，后者在薄膜或可忽略电子导电性的膜中占主导地位。因此，存储介质的尺寸和电流收集相的性质可用来调整功率密度与能量密度。
▲ Abstract：
Insertion storage in battery electrodes and supercapacitive storage are typically considered to be independent phenomena and thus are dealt with in separate scientific communities. Using tailored experiments on titanium oxide thin films of various thicknesses, we demonstrate the simultaneous occurrence of both processes. For the interpretation of the entire storage profile encompassing both contributions, the (free) energies of the charge carriers in the mixed conductor and the neighboring phase are the only materials parameters required. The experimental results enable no less than a unification of insertion and supercapacitive storage, the first being dominant for thick films, the latter for thin films or negligible electronic conductivity. Therefore, the size of the storage medium and the nature of the current collecting phases can be used to tune power density versus energy density.
地球科学Earth Science
The fastest-growing and most destructive fires in the US (2001 to 2020)
美国增长最快、最具破坏性的火灾（2001~2020年）
▲ 作者：JENNIFER K. BALCH, VIRGINIA IGLESIAS, ADAM L. MAHOOD, MAXWELL C. COOK, CIBELE AMARAL, AMY DECASTRO, ET AL.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk5737
▲摘要：
美国历史上最具破坏性、最致命的野火来势汹汹。
利用卫星数据，研究组分析了2001年至2020年美国本土6万多起火灾的日增长率。近一半的生态区经历了破坏性的快速火灾，大火在一天内蔓延了1620多公顷。这些火灾造成78%的建筑物被毁，占灭火费用的61%（189亿美元）。
从2001年到2020年，美国西部这些火灾的平均峰值日增长率翻了一倍多（相对于2001年增长249%）。在此期间，美国有近300万栋建筑物距离一场快速火灾不到4千米。鉴于最近毁灭性的野火，了解快速火灾对于改进消防策略和社区准备至关重要。
▲ Abstract：
The most destructive and deadly wildfires in US history were also fast. Using satellite data, we analyzed the daily growth rates of more than 60,000 fires from 2001 to 2020 across the contiguous US. Nearly half of the ecoregions experienced destructive fast fires that grew more than 1620 hectares in 1 day. These fires accounted for 78% of structures destroyed and 61% of suppression costs ($18.9 billion). From 2001 to 2020, the average peak daily growth rate for these fires more than doubled (+249% relative to 2001) in the Western US. Nearly 3 million structures were within 4 kilometers of a fast fire during this period across the US. Given recent devastating wildfires, understanding fast fires is crucial for improving firefighting strategies and community preparedness.
Twenty years of microplastic pollution research—what have we learned?
二十年的微塑料污染研究——我们学到了什么？
▲ 作者：RICHARD C. THOMPSON, WINNIE COURTENE-JONES, JULIEN BOUCHER, SABINE PAHL, KAREN RAUBENHEIMER AND ALBERT A. KOELMANS
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl2746
▲摘要：
在首次使用“微塑料”一词的出版物发表20年后，研究组回顾了当前的理解，完善了定义，并考虑了未来的前景。微塑料有多种来源，包括轮胎、纺织品、化妆品、油漆和大件物品的碎片，其广泛分布在整个自然环境中，有证据表明在生物组织的多个层面上都有危害。
微塑料在食物和饮料中普遍存在，已在人体中被检测到，并出现了负面影响的新证据。到2040年，环境污染可能会翻一番，预计会造成大规模的危害。公众的关注日益增加，国际谈判正在考虑解决微塑料污染的各种措施。
当前需要明确证据证明潜在解决办法的效力，以解决微塑料污染并尽量减少意外后果的风险。
▲ Abstract：
Twenty years after the first publication that used the term microplastic, we review current understanding, refine definitions, and consider future prospects. Microplastics arise from multiple sources, including tires, textiles, cosmetics, paint, and the fragmentation of larger items. They are widely distributed throughout the natural environment, with evidence of harm at multiple levels of biological organization. They are pervasive in food and drink and have been detected throughout the human body, with emerging evidence of negative effects. Environmental contamination could double by 2040, and wide-scale harm has been predicted. Public concern is increasing, and diverse measures to address microplastic pollution are being considered in international negotiations. Clear evidence on the efficacy of potential solutions is now needed to address the issue and to minimize the risks of unintended consequences.
百度网盘链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1578qKxm-AlDnPJsTAK-eRw?pwd=7vzk
提取码：7vzk
夸克网盘链接：https://pan.quark.cn/s/a2a29b345a02
0003_《科学》期刊，2024年11月01日，第6721期
通过百度网盘分享的文件：0003_《科学》期刊，2024年11月01日，第6721期
链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1Zqek-JVYfv0ZwhxPb6JMeQ?pwd=j1yd
提取码：j1yd
–来自百度网盘超级会员V9的分享
我用夸克网盘分享了「0003_《科学》期刊，2024年11月01日，第6721期」，点击链接即可保存。打开「夸克APP」，无需下载在线播放视频，畅享原画5倍速，支持电视投屏。
链接：https://pan.quark.cn/s/6b98465a60b4
0004_《科学》期刊，2024年11月08日，第6722期
通过百度网盘分享的文件：0004_《科学》期刊，2024年11月08日，第6722期
链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1KiOFJmznGdcp6H4my8cKTA?pwd=4o4c
提取码：4o4c
–来自百度网盘超级会员V9的分享
我用夸克网盘分享了「0004_《科学》期刊，2024年11月08日，第6722期」，点击链接即可保存。打开「夸克APP」，无需下载在线播放视频，畅享原画5倍速，支持电视投屏。
链接：https://pan.quark.cn/s/6acc2ef36e16
0005_《科学》期刊，2024年10月11日，第6718期
通过百度网盘分享的文件：0005_《科学》期刊，2024年10月11日，第6718期
链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/10Rliodix8kD_5kEVqnt1Bg?pwd=x6kl
提取码：x6kl
–来自百度网盘超级会员V9的分享
我用夸克网盘分享了「0005_《科学》期刊，2024年10月11日，第6718期」，点击链接即可保存。打开「夸克APP」，无需下载在线播放视频，畅享原画5倍速，支持电视投屏。
链接：https://pan.quark.cn/s/ab7a3aa7854b
0006_《科学》期刊，2024年11月15日，第6723期
《科学》（20241115出版）一周论文导读
编译|冯维维
Science, 15 November 2024, Volume 386, Issue 6723
《科学》2024年11月15日，第386卷，6723期
化学Chemistry
Detection of interstellar 1-cyanopyrene: A four-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
星际四环多环芳烃1—氰芘的检测
▲ 作者：GABI WENZEL, ILSA R. COOKE, P. BRYAN CHANGALA, EDWIN A. BERGIN, SHUO ZHANG, ANDREW M. BURKHARDT, ALEX N. BYRNE, STEVEN B. CHARNLEY, MARTIN A. CORDINER, AND BRETT A. MCGUIRE
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq6391
▲摘要：
多环芳烃（PAHs）是含有相邻芳环的有机分子。红外发射波段表明，多环芳烃在太空中是丰富的，但在星际介质中只检测到少数特定的多环芳烃。研究者利用绿岸望远镜对致密星云TMC—1进行射电观测，发现了1—氰芘，一种四环多环芳烃芘相关的氰基取代衍生物。
他们测得的1—氰芘柱密度约为1.52×1012cm-2，由此估计芘在TMC-1中含有高达0.1%的碳。这种丰度表明星际多环芳烃化学有利于芘的产生。研究者认为，一些提供给年轻行星系统的碳是由起源于冷分子云的多环芳烃携带的。
▲ Abstract：
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic molecules containing adjacent aromatic rings. Infrared emission bands show that PAHs are abundant in space, but only a few specific PAHs have been detected in the interstellar medium. We detected 1-cyanopyrene, a cyano-substituted derivative of the related four-ring PAH pyrene, in radio observations of the dense cloud TMC-1, using the Green Bank Telescope. The measured column density of 1-cyanopyrene is ~ 1.52×1012cm-2, from which we estimate that pyrene contains up to 0.1% of the carbon in TMC-1. This abundance indicates that interstellar PAH chemistry favors the production of pyrene. We suggest that some of the carbon supplied to young planetary systems is carried by PAHs that originate in cold molecular clouds.
Synchronous recognition of amines in oxidative carbonylation toward unsymmetrical ureas
不对称尿素氧化羰基化过程中胺的同步识别
▲ 作者：JINHUI WANG, SHENGCHUN WANG, ZHIHONG WEI, PENGJIE WANG, YANWEI CAO, YANG HUANG, LIN HE, AND AIWEN LEI
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl0149
▲摘要：
不对称尿素常见于药品和生物活性化合物中。然而，设计策略来选择性地引入两种不同的胺来构建不对称脲仍然是一个挑战。研究者使用同步识别策略，利用自由基和亲核活化来区分仲胺和伯胺。
具体而言，铜催化剂优先将仲胺氧化为自由基，而钴催化剂将伯胺羰基化以产生钴酰胺。这些片段通过协同催化偶联产生具有高选择性的不对称脲，41种生物活性化合物和6种药物的修饰证明了这一点。
▲ Abstract：
Unsymmetrical ureas are commonly found in pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds. However, devising strategies to introduce two distinct amines selectively in the construction of unsymmetrical ureas remains a challenge. In this work, we use a synchronous recognition strategy that takes advantage of radical and nucleophilic activation to discriminate between secondary and primary amines. Specifically, a copper catalyst preferentially oxidizes secondary amines to radical species, whereas a cobalt catalyst carbonylates primary amines to produce cobalt amides. Coupling these fragments by cooperative catalysis produces unsymmetrical ureas with high selectivity, as showcased by the modification of 41 biologically active compounds and six drugs.
物理学Physics
Subambient daytime radiative cooling of vertical surfaces
垂直表面的白天辐射冷却
▲ 作者：FEI XIE, WEILIANG JIN, J. RYAN NOLEN, HAO PAN, NAIQIN YI, YANG AN, ZHIYU ZHANG, XIANGTONG KONG, FEI ZHU, AND WEI LI
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn2524
▲摘要：
白天亚环境辐射冷却通过向外层空间发射热辐射，使温度被动地低于环境温度，即使在阳光直射下也是如此。这项技术有许多令人兴奋的应用前景。然而，以前的亚环境日间辐射冷却的演示需要直接面向天空的表面，而这些不能应用于在现实场景中无处不在的垂直表面，如建筑物和车辆。
研究者使用分层设计，角度不对称，光谱选择性热发射器演示了峰值阳光下垂直表面的亚环境日间辐射冷却。在每平方米约920瓦的峰值阳光下，他们的发射器达到的温度比环境温度低约2.5°C，与硅聚合物混合辐射冷却器和商用白漆相比，温度分别降低了约4.3°C和8.9°C。
▲ Abstract：
Subambient daytime radiative cooling enables temperatures to passively reach below ambient temperature, even under direct sunlight, by emitting thermal radiation toward outer space. This technology holds promise for numerous exciting applications. However, previous demonstrations of subambient daytime radiative cooling require surfaces that directly face the sky, and these cannot be applied to vertical surfaces that are ubiquitous in real-world scenarios such as buildings and vehicles. Here, we demonstrate subambient daytime radiative cooling of vertical surfaces under peak sunlight using a hierarchically designed, angularly asymmetric, spectrally selective thermal emitter. Under peak sunlight of about 920 watts per square meter, our emitter reaches a temperature that is about 2.5°C below ambient temperature, corresponding to a temperature reduction of about 4.3° and 8.9°C compared with a silica-polymer hybrid radiative cooler and commercial white paint, respectively.
Glaciation of liquid clouds, snowfall, and reduced cloud cover at industrial aerosol hot spots
工业气溶胶热点的冷凝作用
▲ 作者：VELLE TOLL, JORMA RAHU, HANNES KEERNIK, HEIDO TROFIMOV, TANEL VOORMANSIK, PETER MANSHAUSEN, EMMA HUNG, DANIEL MICHELSON, MATTHEW W. CHRISTENSEN, AND NICOLAS BELLOUIN
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl0303
▲摘要：
人为气溶胶冻结过冷云滴的能力仍然存在争议。研究者提供了温度在—10°C和—24°C之间的工业气溶胶热点的过冷液态水云结冰的观测证据。与附近液态水云相比，受冰川影响区域的短波反射率降低了14%，长波辐射增加了4%。云量减少了8%，云光学厚度减少了18%。此外，每天由冰川引起的降雪量达到15毫米。
工业气溶胶热点顺风方向的冰期事件表明，人为气溶胶可能起到冰核粒子的作用。然而，核电站顺风处罕见的冰川事件表明，除气溶胶排放外，其他因素也可能在观测到的冰川事件中起作用。
▲ Abstract：
The ability of anthropogenic aerosols to freeze supercooled cloud droplets remains debated. In this work, we present observational evidence for the glaciation of supercooled liquid-water clouds at industrial aerosol hot spots at temperatures between -10° and -24°C. Compared with the nearby liquid-water clouds, shortwave reflectance was reduced by 14% and longwave radiance was increased by 4% in the glaciation-affected regions. There was an 8% reduction in cloud cover and an 18% reduction in cloud optical thickness. Additionally, daily glaciation-induced snowfall accumulations reached 15 millimeters. Glaciation events downwind of industrial aerosol hot spots indicate that anthropogenic aerosols likely serve as ice-nucleating particles. However, rare glaciation events downwind of nuclear power plants indicate that factors other than aerosol emissions may also play a role in the observed glaciation events.
生态学与地质学Ecology & Geology
Diverse and larger tree islands promote native tree diversity in oil palm landscapes
多样化的更大的树岛促进了油棕景观中原生树木的多样性
▲ 作者：GUSTAVO B. PATERNO , FABIAN BRAMBACH, NATHALY GUERRERO-RAMíREZ, DELPHINE CLARA ZEMP, AIZA F. CANTILLO, NICOLò CAMARRETTA, CARINA C. M. MOURA, OLIVER GAILING, JOHANNES BALLAUFF, AND HOLGER KREFT
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado1629
▲摘要：
在单一栽培为主的景观中，恢复生物多样性是一个优先事项，但有效的恢复策略尚未确定。本研究对油棕景观中52个人工岛木本植物的分类、系统发育和功能多样性进行了被动恢复策略和主动恢复策略的对比研究。大的树岛和较高的初始植物多样性促进了多样性的恢复，尤其是景观水平上的功能多样性。
在局部尺度上，研究结果表明，更大的初始种植多样性会带来更大的本地招募多样性，从而克服了高度修饰景观中自然招募的局限性。建立大型和多样化的树岛对于保护油棕景观中的珍稀、特有和森林相关物种至关重要。
▲ Abstract：
In monoculture-dominated landscapes, recovering biodiversity is a priority, but effective restoration strategies have yet to be identified. In this study, we experimentally tested passive and active restoration strategies to recover taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of woody plants within 52 tree islands established in an oil palm landscape. Large tree islands and higher initial planted diversity catalyzed diversity recovery, particularly functional diversity at the landscape level. At the local scale, results demonstrated that greater initial planting diversity begets greater diversity of native recruits, overcoming limitations of natural recruitment in highly modified landscapes. Establishing large and diverse tree islands is crucial for safeguarding rare, endemic, and forest-associated species in oil palm landscapes.
Predictions of groundwater PFAS occurrence at drinking water supply depths in the United States
美国饮用水供应深度地下水中的PFAS预测
▲ 作者：ANDREA K. TOKRANOV, KATHERINE M. RANSOM, LAURA M. BEXFIELD, BRUCE D. LINDSEY, ELISE WATSON, DANIELLE I. DUPUY, PAUL E. STACKELBERG, MIRANDA S. FRAM, STEFAN A. VOSS, AND PAUL M. BRADLEY
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado6638
▲摘要：
全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）俗称“永远的化学品”，对人类健康有不利影响，由于长期和广泛使用，已污染了美国各地的饮用水供应。由于缺乏系统的分析，美国人可能在不知不觉中饮用了含有PFAS的水，特别是在家庭供水中。
研究者提出了一个极端梯度增强模型，用于预测美国邻近地区饮用水供应深处地下水中PFAS的发生。模型结果表明，在美国邻近地区，7100万至9500万人在进行任何处理之前，可能依赖于PFAS浓度可检测的地下水作为饮用水供应。
▲ Abstract：
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), known colloquially as “forever chemicals,” have been associated with adverse human health effects and have contaminated drinking water supplies across the United States owing to their long-term and widespread use. People in the United States may unknowingly be drinking water that contains PFAS because of a lack of systematic analysis, particularly in domestic water supplies. We present an extreme gradient–boosting model for predicting the occurrence of PFAS in groundwater at the depths of drinking water supply for the conterminous United States. Our model results indicate that 71 million to 95 million people in the conterminous United States potentially rely on groundwater with detectable concentrations of PFAS for their drinking water supplies before any treatment.
百度网盘链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1rgHxfa0mSvOXKIYrml6S1w?pwd=bra7
提取码：bra7
夸克网盘链接：https://pan.quark.cn/s/c156f70a5cb3
《科学》2024年5月24日，第384卷，6698期
《科学》（20240524出版）一周论文导读
Science, 24 MAY 2024, Volume 384 Issue 6698
《科学》2024年5月24日，第384卷，6698期
天文学Astronomy
Strong damped Lyman-α absorption in young star-forming galaxies at redshifts 9 to 11
在红移9到11的年轻恒星形成星系中强烈阻尼的莱曼α吸收
▲ 作者：KASPER E. HEINTZ, DARACH WATSON et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj0343
▲ 摘要：
我们分析了韦布空间望远镜（JWST）拍摄到的红移为±8的遥远星系的近红外光谱。从包含12个星系的样本中，我们确定了3个由于其局部环境中的中性原子氢而表现出强烈的阻尼莱曼α吸收的星系。
这些星系的光谱红移值分别为8.8、10.2和11.4，对应于宇宙大爆炸后的4亿到6亿年。它们的中性原子氢密度≥1022 cm?2，这比预期中的中性星系间介质要高一个数量级，并且构成了一个富含气体的年轻恒星形成星系群。
▲ Abstract：
We analyzed James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) near-infrared spectroscopy of distant galaxies, at redshifts ?8. From a sample of 12 galaxies, we identified three that show strong damped Lyman-α absorption due to H i in their local surroundings. The galaxies are located at spectroscopic redshifts of 8.8, 10.2, and 11.4, corresponding to 400 to 600 million years after the Big Bang. They have H i column densities ?1022 cm?2, which is an order of magnitude higher than expected for a fully neutral intergalactic medium, and constitute a gas-rich population of young star-forming galaxies.
材料科学Materials Science
Unrecoverable lattice rotation governs structural degradation of single-crystalline cathodes
不可恢复的晶格旋转控制着单晶阴极的结构退化
▲ 作者：WEIYUAN HUANG, TONGCHAO LIU et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado1675
▲ 摘要：
利用多尺度空间分辨率衍射和成像技术，我们观察到晶格旋转在单晶阴极中普遍存在，并在结构退化中起关键作用。
这些晶格旋转被证明是不可恢复的，并且在重复的循环中控制着不利晶格畸变的积累，导致结构和机械退化以及容量加速衰退。这些发现弥补了之前在快速性能失效和原子尺度结构退化之间的机制联系方面存在的知识差距。
▲ Abstract：
Leveraging multiscale spatial resolution diffraction and imaging techniques, we observe that lattice rotations occur universally in single-crystalline cathodes and play a pivotal role in the structure degradation. These lattice rotations prove unrecoverable and govern the accumulation of adverse lattice distortions over repeated cycles, contributing to structural and mechanical degradation and fast capacity fade. These findings bridge the previous knowledge gap that exists in the mechanistic link between fast performance failure and atomic-scale structure degradation.
Synthesis and characterization of low-dimensional N-heterocyclic carbene lattices
低维氮杂环卡宾晶格的合成与表征
▲ 作者：BOYU QIE, ZIYI WANG et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm9814
▲ 摘要：
在此，我们展示了一种模块化的方法来设计一维金属有机链和二维Kagome晶格，使用NHC-Au-NHC结的FMOs来创建具有固有金属性的低维分子网络。
扫描隧道光谱和第一性原理密度泛函理论揭示了C–Au–C π-键态对具有极小功函数的一维和二维NHC晶格色散带的贡献。
▲ Abstract：
Here we demonstrate a modular approach to engineering one-dimensional (1D) metal-organic chains and two-dimensional (2D) Kagome lattices using the FMOs of NHC–Au–NHC junctions to create low-dimensional molecular networks exhibiting intrinsic metallicity. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy and first-principles density functional theory reveal the contribution of C–Au–C π-bonding states to dispersive bands that imbue 1D- and 2D-NHC lattices with exceptionally small work functions.
医学Medicine
Impact of early visual experience on later usage of color cues
早期视觉经验对后期色彩线索使用的影响
▲ 作者：MARIN VOGELSANG, LUKAS VOGELSANG et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk9587
▲ 摘要：
人类的视觉识别对颜色变化非常敏感。在这项研究中，通过对10名先天失明、后期重获视力的儿童的观察，我们对这种恢复力的根源提供了一种潜在的解释。
在他们的视力恢复手术后的几个月或几年里，颜色线索的移除显著降低了他们的识别能力，而正常视力的同龄儿童中则没有这种情况。这一发现可以解释为视力恢复儿童在重获视力时的颜色系统比普通新生儿更成熟，导致对颜色线索的过度依赖。我们用深度神经网络进行的模拟证实了这一假设。
这些发现突出了典型发育轨迹的适应性意义，并为增强机器视觉系统提供了指导。
▲ Abstract：
Human visual recognition is remarkably robust to chromatic changes. In this work, we provide a potential account of the roots of this resilience based on observations with 10 congenitally blind children who gained sight late in life. Several months or years following their sight-restoring surgeries, the removal of color cues markedly reduced their recognition performance, whereas age-matched normally sighted children showed no such decrement. This finding may be explained by the greater-than-neonatal maturity of the late-sighted children’s color system at sight onset, inducing overly strong reliance on chromatic cues. Simulations with deep neural networks corroborate this hypothesis. These findings highlight the adaptive significance of typical developmental trajectories and provide guidelines for enhancing machine vision systems.
生物学Biology
Crows “count” the number of self-generated vocalizations
乌鸦会给自己ID叫声“计数”
▲ 作者：DIANA A. LIAO, KATHARINA F. BRECHT et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl0984
▲ 摘要：
有目的地发出特定数量的声音需要数字能力和声音控制的复杂结合。除人类之外，动物是否具备这种能力还不得而知。
我们发现，乌鸦可以灵活地发出一到四种不同数量的声音，以响应与数值相关的任意信息。第一声的声学特征可预测发声的总次数，表明整个发声过程是有计划的。此外，发声单元的声学特征预测了它们在的顺序，可用于读出发声过程中的计数错误。
▲ Abstract：
Producing a specific number of vocalizations with purpose requires a sophisticated combination of numerical abilities and vocal control. Whether this capacity exists in animals other than humans is yet unknown. We show that crows can flexibly produce variable numbers of one to four vocalizations in response to arbitrary cues associated with numerical values. The acoustic features of the first vocalization of a sequence were predictive of the total number of vocalizations, indicating a planning process. Moreover, the acoustic features of vocal units predicted their order in the sequence and could be used to read out counting errors during vocal production.
古植物学Paleobotany
Rice’s trajectory from wild to domesticated in East Asia
水稻在东亚从野生到驯化的轨迹
▲ 作者：JIANPING ZHANG, LEPING JIANG et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade4487
▲ 摘要：
在此，我们提供了从中国长江下游附近的上山和荷花山两个考古遗址中取样的水稻植物化石的证据。我们证明了至少在10万年前就已生长野生稻，它作为一种采集资源的最初开发大约在2.4万年之前，它的前驯化栽种大约在1.3万年之前，最终在1.1万年之前完成驯化。
这些发展阶段表明了漫长的东亚水稻驯化过程，并将谷物进化的连续记录延伸到新月沃地以外。
▲ Abstract：
Here, we present evidence of rice phytoliths sampled from two archaeological sites in China, Shangshan and Hehuashan, near the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. We demonstrate the growth of wild rice at least 100,000 years before present, its initial exploitation as a gathered resource at about 24,000 years before present, its predomestication cultivation at about 13,000 years before present, and eventually its domestication at about 11,000 years before present. These developmental stages illuminate a protracted process of rice domestication in East Asia and extend the continuous records of cereal evolution beyond the Fertile Crescent.
《科学》2024年5月31日，第384卷，6699期
《科学》（20240531出版）一周论文导读
编译 | 未玖
Science, 31 MAY 2024, VOL 384, ISSUE 6699
《科学》2024年5月31日，第384卷，6699期
材料科学Materials Science
Molecular templating of layered halide perovskite nanowires
层状卤化物钙钛矿纳米线的分子模板
▲ 作者：WENHAO SHAO, JEONG HUI KIM, JEFFREY SIMON, ZHICHEN NIAN, SUNG-DOO BAEK, YUAN LU, ET AL.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl0920
▲ 摘要：
层状金属卤化物钙钛矿或二维钙钛矿可以在溶液中合成，并可通过改变组成来调节其光学和电子性质。
研究组报道了一种分子模板方法，限制了沿除[110]以外所有晶体方向的晶体生长，从而促进了一维生长。该方法广泛适用于合成一系列具有大纵横比和可调有机-无机化学组成的高质量层状钙钛矿纳米线。
这些纳米线形成了非常清晰和灵活的空腔，表现出超越传统钙钛矿纳米线的一系列不同寻常的光学特性。研究组观察到各向异性发射偏振、低损耗波导（低于3分贝/毫米）和有效的低阈值光放大（低于20微焦耳/平方厘米）。
▲ Abstract：
Layered metal-halide perovskites, or two-dimensional perovskites, can be synthesized in solution, and their optical and electronic properties can be tuned by changing their composition. We report a molecular templating method that restricted crystal growth along all crystallographic directions except for [110] and promoted one-dimensional growth. Our approach is widely applicable to synthesize a range of high-quality layered perovskite nanowires with large aspect ratios and tunable organic-inorganic chemical compositions. These nanowires form exceptionally well-defined and flexible cavities that exhibited a wide range of unusual optical properties beyond those of conventional perovskite nanowires. We observed anisotropic emission polarization, low-loss waveguiding (below 3 decibels per millimeter), and efficient low-threshold light amplification (below 20 microjoules per square centimeter).
A three-dimensionally architected electronic skin mimicking human mechanosensation
模拟人类机械感知的三维结构电子皮肤
▲ 作者：ZHI LIU, XIAONAN HU, RENHENG BO, YOUZHOU YANG, XU CHENG, WENBO PANG, ET AL.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk5556
▲ 摘要：
人体皮肤对机械刺激的感知源于将外力转化为电信号的机械感受器的传导。虽然模仿这些机械感受器的空间分布可使电子皮肤的发展能够解耦传感法向力/剪切力和应变，但其仍难以捉摸。
研究组报道了一种三维（3D）结构的电子皮肤（称为3DAE皮肤），其力和应变传感组件以3D布局排列，模仿人类皮肤中的默克尔细胞和鲁菲尼氏小体。
这种3DAE皮肤具有优异的法向力、剪切力和应变解耦传感性能，可用于开发触觉系统，通过触摸同时测量物体的模量/曲率。演示包括对各种形状和新鲜度的水果、面包和蛋糕进行快速模量测量。
▲ Abstract：
Human skin sensing of mechanical stimuli originates from transduction of mechanoreceptors that converts external forces into electrical signals. Although imitating the spatial distribution of those mechanoreceptors can enable developments of electronic skins capable of decoupled sensing of normal/shear forces and strains, it remains elusive. We report a three-dimensionally (3D) architected electronic skin (denoted as 3DAE-Skin) with force and strain sensing components arranged in a 3D layout that mimics that of Merkel cells and Ruffini endings in human skin. This 3DAE-Skin shows excellent decoupled sensing performances of normal force, shear force, and strain and enables development of a tactile system for simultaneous modulus/curvature measurements of an object through touch. Demonstrations include rapid modulus measurements of fruits, bread, and cake with various shapes and degrees of freshness.
Spontaneous weathering of natural minerals in charged water microdroplets forms nanomaterials
天然矿物质在带电水微滴中自然风化形成纳米材料
▲ 作者：B. K. SPOORTHI, KOYENDRILA DEBNATH, PALLAB BASURI, ANKIT NAGAR, UMESH V. WAGHMARE AND THALAPPIL PRADEEP
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl3364
▲ 摘要：
在这项工作中，研究组展示了常见矿物质颗粒在几毫秒内自发分解，在带电的水微滴中形成纳米颗粒。他们将石英和红宝石等微米级天然矿物整合到通过电喷雾产生的水性微滴中，将其转化为5至10纳米的颗粒。将液滴沉积在基底上，从而实现纳米颗粒表征。
研究组通过模拟确定，石英经历了质子诱导滑移，特别是当尺寸缩小并暴露在电场中时。这导致颗粒分裂和硅酸盐碎片的形成，质谱分析证实了这一点。考虑到大气中带电气溶胶的普遍存在，这种快速风化过程可能对土壤形成至关重要。
▲ Abstract：
In this work, we show that particles of common minerals break down spontaneously to form nanoparticles in charged water microdroplets within milliseconds. We transformed micron-sized natural minerals like quartz and ruby into 5- to 10-nanometer particles when integrated into aqueous microdroplets generated via electrospray. We deposited the droplets on a substrate, which allowed nanoparticle characterization. We determined through simulations that quartz undergoes proton-induced slip, especially when reduced in size and exposed to an electric field. This leads to particle scission and the formation of silicate fragments, which we confirmed with mass spectrometry. This rapid weathering process may be important for soil formation, given the prevalence of charged aerosols in the atmosphere.
Shearing brittle intermetallics enhances cryogenic strength and ductility of steels
剪切脆性金属间化合物提高钢的低温强度和塑性
▲ 作者：FENG WANG, MIAO SONG, MOHAMED N. ELKOT, NING YAO, BINHAN SUN, MIN SONG, ET AL.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado2919
▲ 摘要：
沉淀物对于制造机械强度高的金属材料至关重要。在这项工作中，研究组报道了B2相（有序体心立方）纳米沉淀（通常被认为是不可剪切的金属间化合物）在低温拉伸载荷过程中在轻质复合钢中的位错切割。
由于亚纳米尺度局部化学有序区的显著强化和基体中多主元素明显的固溶强化，奥氏体基体中位错滑移的高强度水平实现了剪切。这种机制不仅利用了原本难以穿透的脆性纳米沉淀物所提供的强烈强化和应变硬化，而且还通过其连续剪切和持续变形引入了塑性。
因此，这种钢材展示了超高的低温拉伸强度，高达2吉帕，拉伸伸长率达到34%。这项研究揭示了一种设计高性能结构材料的新策略。
▲ Abstract：
Precipitates are crucial for crafting mechanically strong metallic materials. In this work, we report the dislocation cutting of B2 (ordered body-centered cubic) nanoprecipitates, typically considered nonshearable intermetallics, in a lightweight compositionally complex steel during cryogenic tensile loading. Shearing is enabled by the high strength level for dislocation glide within the austenitic matrix, attributed to the substantial strengthening from subnanoscale local chemical ordering zones and the pronounced solid solution strengthening from the multiprincipal elements in the matrix. This mechanism not only harnesses the intense strengthening and strain hardening provided by otherwise impenetrable brittle nanoprecipitates but also introduces ductility through their sequential shearing with ongoing deformation. Our steel thus showcases ultrahigh cryogenic tensile strength up to 2 gigapascal at a remarkable tensile elongation of 34%. This study reveals a new strategy for designing high-performance structural materials.
地球科学Earth Science
Heinrich event ice discharge and the fate of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
海因里希事件冰排放与大西洋经向翻转环流的命运
▲ 作者：YUXIN ZHOU AND JERRY F. MCMANUS
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh8369
▲ 摘要：
在海因里希事件期间，巨大的冰山“舰队”偶尔淹没北大西洋，削弱了翻转环流。这些事件的冰排放限制了翻转环流对冰山融化的敏感性。
研究组重建了海因里希事件4期间的这些冰排放，发现其高达0.13 Sv（1 Sv = 100万立方米每秒），而在所有事件中平均值仅为0.029 Sv。如今格陵兰冰盖的冰山崩解与中等规模海因里希事件相当。
随着未来格陵兰冰盖从海洋终点出口消退，仅冰山崩解尚不足以对大西洋翻转环流造成灾难性破坏，其可能不会持续足够长的时间，尽管加速的格陵兰径流和持续的全球变暖仍然威胁着环流的稳定性。
▲ Abstract：
During Heinrich events, great armadas of icebergs episodically flooded the North Atlantic Ocean and weakened overturning circulation. The ice discharges of these episodes constrain the sensitivity of overturning circulation to iceberg melting. We reconstructed these ice discharges to be as high as 0.13 sverdrup (Sv) (1 Sv = 1 million cubic meters per second) during Heinrich event 4 and to average 0.029 Sv over all episodes. The present-day Greenland Ice Sheet calving of icebergs is comparable to that of a mid-range Heinrich event. As the future Greenland Ice Sheet recedes from marine-terminating outlets, its iceberg calving likely will not persist long enough for icebergs alone to cause catastrophic disruption to the Atlantic overturning circulation, although the accelerating Greenland runoff and continued global warming remain threats to the circulation stability.
社会学Sociology
Supersharers of fake news on Twitter
推特上的假新闻超级分享者
▲ 作者：SAHAR BARIBI-BARTOV, BRIONY SWIRE-THOMPSON AND NIR GRINBERG
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl4435
▲ 摘要：
政府或许有能力让假新闻充斥社交媒体，但普通选民如何使用这些泛滥的假新闻却鲜为人知。
在这项工作中，研究组确定了2107名登记的美国选民，2020年美国总统大选期间，他们在由664391名选民组成的整个群组中在Twitter上分享了80%的假新闻。结果发现超级分享者是该网络的重要成员，在该平台注册选民中占比高达5.2%。
超级分享者中女性、老年人和注册共和党人的比例明显过高。超级分享者的巨大流量似乎并非自动产生，而是通过人工和持续转发产生的。这些发现凸显了社交媒体对民主的脆弱性，在社交媒体上，一小群人歪曲了许多人的政治现实。
▲ Abstract：
Governments may have the capacity to flood social media with fake news, but little is known about the use of flooding by ordinary voters. In this work, we identify 2107 registered US voters who account for 80% of the fake news shared on Twitter during the 2020 US presidential election by an entire panel of 664391 voters. We found that supersharers were important members of the network, reaching a sizable 5.2% of registered voters on the platform. Supersharers had a significant overrepresentation of women, older adults, and registered Republicans. Supersharers’ massive volume did not seem automated but was rather generated through manual and persistent retweeting. These findings highlight a vulnerability of social media for democracy, where a small group of people distort the political reality for many.
《科学》2024年6月7日，第384卷，6700期
《科学》（20240607出版）一周论文导读
编译｜冯维维
Science, 7 Jun 2024, Volume 384, Issue 6700,
《科学》2024年6月7日，第384卷，6700期
物理学Physics
Abundant hydrocarbons in the disk around a very-low-mass star
一颗低质量恒星周围的星系盘上有丰富的碳氢化合物
▲ 作者：A. M. ARABHAVI, I. KAMP, TH. HENNING, E. F. VAN DISHOECK, V. CHRISTIAENS, D. GASMAN, A. PERRIN, M. GüDEL, B. TABONE, AND G. ?STLIN
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi8147
▲ 摘要：
在大多数天体中，碳和氧的丰度相似。然而，在冷到足以形成分子的区域，根据它们的相对丰度，最终的化学反应可能富含碳或氧。
研究者利用中红外光谱研究了一颗年轻的低质量恒星周围的原行星盘，发现其光谱以小碳氢化合物分子为主，这表明盘内气体的碳氧比很高。他们讨论了产生这种碳富集的可能机制，并提出它可能影响盘内形成的任何行星的组成。
▲ Abstract：
In most astronomical objects, carbon and oxygen have similar abundances. However, in regions cool enough for molecules to form, the resulting chemistry can be carbon or oxygen rich depending on their relative abundances. Arabhavi et al. used midinfrared spectroscopy to investigate the protoplanetary disk around a young low-mass star, finding that its spectrum is dominated by small hydrocarbon molecules, which indicates a high carbon/oxygen ratio in the inner disk gas. The authors discuss possible mechanisms to produce this carbon enrichment and suggest that it could influence the composition of any planets that form within the disk.
Localized thermal emission from topological interfaces
拓扑界面的局域热发射
▲ 作者：M. SAID ERGOKTAS, ALI KECEBAS, KONSTANTINOS DESPOTELIS, SINA SOLEYMANI, GOKHAN BAKAN, ASKIN KOCABAS, ALESSANDRO PRINCIPI, STEFAN ROTTER, SAHIN K. OZDEMIR, AND COSKUN KOCABAS
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado0534
▲ 摘要：
通过塑造热辐射的空间和光谱发射特性来控制热辐射在许多科学和工程领域中起着关键作用。利用超材料剪裁热发射的传统方法受到所需亚波长材料结构的有限空间分辨率和材料在红外中的强吸收的阻碍。
研究者展示了一种基于拓扑概念的方法。通过改变多层涂层的单个参数，他们能够控制表面的反射拓扑结构，并且零反射的临界点受到拓扑保护。亚临界和超临界空间域之间的边界具有接近统一热辐射率的拓扑界面态。这些拓扑概念使热光在热管理和热伪装应用中的非常规操作成为可能。
▲ Abstract：
The control of thermal radiation by shaping its spatial and spectral emission characteristics plays a key role in many areas of science and engineering. Conventional approaches to tailoring thermal emission using metamaterials are hampered both by the limited spatial resolution of the required subwavelength material structures and by the materials’ strong absorption in the infrared. In this work, we demonstrate an approach based on the concept of topology. By changing a single parameter of a multilayer coating, we were able to control the reflection topology of a surface, with the critical point of zero reflection being topologically protected. The boundaries between subcritical and supercritical spatial domains host topological interface states with near-unity thermal emissivity. These topological concepts enable unconventional manipulation of thermal light for applications in thermal management and thermal camouflage.
Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in polar fluid–heliconical ferroelectric nematic phase
极性流体-螺旋铁电向列相的自发手性对称性破缺
▲ 作者：JAKUB KARCZ, JAKUB HERMAN, NATAN RYCH?OWICZ, PRZEMYS?AW KULA, EWA GóRECKA, JADWIGA SZYDLOWSKA, PAWEL W. MAJEWSKI, AND DAMIAN POCIECHA
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn6812
▲ 摘要：
由非手性结构组成的自发镜像对称破缺和涌现的极性顺序是在流体中很少观察到的现象。它们分别存在于某些向列相液晶中；然而，它们从来没有同时被观察到过。研究者报告了铁电向列相中非手性分子的螺旋排列。因此相自然地同时具有极性和手性。
值得注意的是，螺旋结构的间距与可见光的波长相当，可以通过温度或弱电场的应用进行选择性反射。尽管与螺旋扭弯向列相相似，但这种手性铁电向列相是由电相互作用引起的电偶极子的非共线取向。
▲ Abstract：
Spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking by formation of chiral structures from achiral building blocks and emergent polar order are phenomena rarely observed in fluids. Separately, they have both been found in certain nematic liquid crystalline phases; however, they have never been observed simultaneously. Here, we report a heliconical arrangement of achiral molecules in the ferroelectric nematic phase. The phase is thus spontaneously both polar and chiral. Notably, the pitch of the heliconical structure is comparable to the wavelength of visible light, giving selective reflection controllable by temperature or application of a weak electric field. Despite bearing resemblance to the heliconical twist-bend nematic phase, this chiral ferroelectric nematic phase arises from electrical interactions that induce a noncollinear orientation of electric dipoles.
化学Chemistry
WS2 ribbon arrays with defined chirality and coherent polarity
具有明确的手性和相干极性的WS2带状阵列
▲ 作者：GUODONG XUE, ZIQI ZHOU, QUANLIN GUO, YONGGANG ZUO, WENYA WEI, JIASHU YANG, PENG YIN, SHUAI ZHANG, DING ZHONG, AND KAIHUI LIU
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn9476
▲ 摘要：
一维过渡金属二硫族化物表现出增强的体光伏效应，在p-n结结构中的太阳能收集中有超过Shockley-Queisser极限效率的潜力。然而，这些原型设备的集体输出仍然是一个挑战。研究者报道了通过原子制造策略合成具有明确手性和相干极性的单晶WS2带阵列。
WS2带的手性由底物耦合为可调扶手型、之型和手性三种类型来定义，极性方向由带—前驱体界面能沿相干方向决定。单个扶手椅带状显示出强大的体光伏效应，进一步集成约1000条具有相干极性的排列带状可以实现光电流的放大。
▲ Abstract：
One-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides exhibiting an enhanced bulk photovoltaic effect have the potential to exceed the Shockley–Queisser limit efficiency in solar energy harvest within p-n junction architectures. However, the collective output of these prototype devices remains a challenge. We report on the synthesis of single-crystalline WS2 ribbon arrays with defined chirality and coherent polarity through an atomic manufacturing strategy. The chirality of WS2 ribbon was defined by substrate couplings into tunable armchair, zigzag, and chiral species, and the polarity direction was determined by the ribbon-precursor interfacial energy along a coherent direction. A single armchair ribbon showed strong bulk photovoltaic effect and the further integration of ~1000 aligned ribbons with coherent polarity enabled upscaling of the photocurrent.
生物学Biology
Axis formation in annual killifish: Nodal and β-catenin regulate morphogenesis without Huluwa prepatterning
一年生鳉鱼轴的形成
▲ 作者：PHILIP B. ABITUA, LAURA M. STUMP, DENIZ C. AKSEL, AND ALEXANDER F. SCHIER
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado7604
▲ 摘要：
一年生鳉鱼Nothobranchius furzeri的发育揭示了胚胎发生过程中一个迷人的转折。在其他鱼类中，母亲为卵提供产品以确定胚胎轴，但这些鳉鱼不遵循此原则。
研究者发现，在发育中的胚胎中，鳉鱼卵裂球细胞在没有母体决定因素（一种名为Huluwa的蛋白质）的指导下，沿着卵黄扩散、聚集并形成体轴。此外，鳉鱼重新利用了两个重要的信号通路Nodal和β-catenin来协调聚集和轴的形成。
这种发育策略可能有助于年生鳉鱼在干旱条件下生存，并且它与合成哺乳动物胚胎的自组织过程具有共同的特征。
▲ Abstract：
Development in the annual killifish, Nothobranchius furzeri, reveals a fascinating twist in the story of embryogenesis. In other fishes, mothers provide products to the egg to determine the embryonic axes, but these killifish do not follow this script. Abitua et al. discovered that killifish blastomere cells spread across the yolk, aggregate, and form a body axis in the developing embryo without the instruction of the maternal determinant, a protein named Huluwa. Moreover, killifish repurposed two important signaling pathways, Nodal and β-catenin, to coordinate aggregation and axis formation. This developmental strategy may help annual killifish survive drought conditions, and it shares features with the self-organization process of synthetic mammalian embryos.
Two-stage evolution of mammalian adipose tissue thermogenesis
哺乳动物脂肪组织产热的两阶段演化
▲ 作者：SUSANNE KEIPERT, MICHAEL J. GAUDRY, MARIA KUTSCHKE, MICHAELA KEUPER, MARGEOUX A. S. DELA ROSA, YIMING CHENG, JOSé M. MONROY KUHN, RUTGER LATERVEER, CAMILA A. COTRIM, AND MARTIN JASTROCH
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg1947
▲ 摘要：
褐色脂肪组织（BAT）是一种加热器官，表达产热解偶联蛋白1 （UCP1），在低温胁迫下维持高体温。BAT产热被认为是哺乳动物的主要特征，但其进化起源尚不清楚。
我们发现，大约1.5亿年前从真动物哺乳动物分化出来的有袋动物的脂肪组织表达一种非产热性的UCP1变体，这种变体由部分转录组BAT特征控制，与真动物米色脂肪组织中发现的相似。我们发现，重建的真兽祖先UCP1序列显示出典型的产热活性，而兽祖先UCP1则是非产热的。
因此，哺乳动物脂肪组织产热可能经历了两个不同的进化阶段，在兽类共同祖先的产热前阶段将UCP1表达与脂肪组织和热应激联系起来。研究者认为，在第二阶段，UCP1获得了其产热功能，特别是在真兽中，因此哺乳动物的BAT产热功能是在与有袋动物分化之后才开始的。
▲ Abstract：
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a heater organ that expresses thermogenic uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) to maintain high body temperatures during cold stress. BAT thermogenesis is considered an overarching mammalian trait, but its evolutionary origin is unknown. We show that adipose tissue of marsupials, which diverged from eutherian mammals ~150 million years ago, expresses a nonthermogenic UCP1 variant governed by a partial transcriptomic BAT signature similar to that found in eutherian beige adipose tissue. We found that the reconstructed UCP1 sequence of the common eutherian ancestor displayed typical thermogenic activity, whereas therian ancestor UCP1 is nonthermogenic. Thus, mammalian adipose tissue thermogenesis may have evolved in two distinct stages, with a prethermogenic stage in the common therian ancestor linking UCP1 expression to adipose tissue and thermal stress. We propose that in a second stage, UCP1 acquired its thermogenic function specifically in eutherians, such that the onset of mammalian BAT thermogenesis occurred only after the divergence from marsupials.
《科学》2024年7月12日，第385卷，6705期
《科学》（20240712出版）一周论文导读
编译|未玖
Science, 12 JUL 2024, VOL 385, ISSUE 6705
《科学》2024年7月12日，第385卷，6705期
物理学Physics
Structured electrons with chiral mass and charge
具有手性质量和电荷的结构电子
▲ 作者：YIQI FANG, JOEL KUTTRUFF, DAVID NABBEN, AND PETER BAUM
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp9143
▲摘要：
手性是一种在基础物理学、材料科学、化学、光学和光谱学中具有广泛关联的现象。
这项工作中，研究组证明了自由电子可通过激光场周期转化为质量和电荷的右旋或左旋。与相位涡旋光束相比，该电子保持了平坦的德布罗意波，但从其时空期望值的形状获得了相应的手性。
通过阿秒门控测量波函数密度，揭示了具有左旋或右旋螺距的线圈和双线圈的三维形状。具有此类或相关手性几何结构的工程基本粒子可应用于手性传感、自由电子量子光学、粒子物理学或电子显微镜等领域。
▲ Abstract：
Chirality is a phenomenon with widespread relevance in fundamental physics, material science, chemistry, optics, and spectroscopy. In this work, we show that a free electron can be converted by the field cycles of laser light into a right-handed or left-handed coil of mass and charge. In contrast to phase-vortex beams, our electrons maintained a flat de Broglie wave but obtained their chirality from the shape of their expectation value in space and time. Measurements of wave function densities by attosecond gating revealed the three-dimensional shape of coils and double coils with left-handed or right-handed pitch. Engineered elementary particles with such or related chiral geometries should be useful for applications in chiral sensing, free-electron quantum optics, particle physics or electron microscopy.
材料科学Materials Science
A crystal capping layer for formation of black-phase FAPbI3 perovskite in humid air
在潮湿空气中形成黑相FAPbI3钙钛矿的晶体覆盖层
▲ 作者：YU ZOU, WENJIN YU, HAOQING GUO, QIZHI LI, XIANGDONG LI, LIANG LI, ET AL.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn9646
▲摘要：
黑相甲脒碘化铅（α-FAPbI3）钙钛矿是光伏应用的理想相，但水会引发诸如δ-FAPbI3光惰性杂质相的形成。
研究组表明，钙钛矿制造的经典溶剂系统加剧了这种可重复性挑战。传统配位溶剂二甲亚砜（DMSO）因其吸湿性，在高相对湿度（RH）条件下促进了δ-FAPbI3的形成。
研究组引入含氯有机分子来形成覆盖层，阻止水分渗透，同时保留基于DMSO的配合物来调节晶体生长。所得钙钛矿太阳能电池在20%至60% RH下的能量转换效率>24.5%，在80% RH下为23.4%。在最大功率点运行500小时后，未封装设备在空气中（40至60% RH）仍保留96%的初始性能。
▲ Abstract：
Black-phase formamidinium lead iodide (α-FAPbI3) perovskites are the desired phase for photovoltaic applications, but water can trigger formation of photoinactive impurity phases such as δ-FAPbI3. We show that the classic solvent system for perovskite fabrication exacerbates this reproducibility challenge. The conventional coordinative solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) promoted δ-FAPbI3 formation under high relative humidity (RH) conditions because of its hygroscopic nature. We introduced chlorine-containing organic molecules to form a capping layer that blocked moisture penetration while preserving DMSO-based complexes to regulate crystal growth. We report power conversion efficiencies of >24.5% for perovskite solar cells fabricated across an RH range of 20 to 60%, and 23.4% at 80% RH. The unencapsulated device retained 96% of its initial performance in air (with 40 to 60% RH) after 500-hour maximum power point operation.
Partitioning polar-slush strategy in relaxors leads to large energy-storage capability
弛豫器的极性雪泥态区块化策略可实现大储能容量
▲ 作者：LIANG SHU, XIAOMING SHI, XIN ZHANG, ZIQI YANG, WEI LI, YUNPENG MA, ET AL.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn8721
▲摘要：
弛豫铁电（RFE）薄膜因其高能量密度（Ue）和高效率而成为小型化高功率电子系统颇有前景的储能候选材料。然而，将其Ue提高到200 J/cm3焦耳以上颇具挑战性，这限制了RFE在下一代储能设备中的应用潜力。
研究组在RFE中实施了一种极性雪泥态区块化策略来突破Ue的界限。在相场模拟的指导下，通过抑制非极性立方矩阵和引入高绝缘网络，设计并制备了具有隔离极性雪泥态团簇的Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3-SrTiO3基高性能RFE薄膜。
可逆极化和击穿强度的同时增强导致Ue达到202 J/cm3，效率高达79%。该策略为下一代高性能电介质提供了设计自由度。
▲ Abstract：
Relaxor ferroelectric (RFE) films are promising energy-storage candidates for miniaturizing high-power electronic systems, which is credited to their high energy density (Ue) and efficiency. However, advancing their Ue beyond 200 joules per cubic centimeter is challenging, limiting their potential for next-generation energy-storage devices. We implemented a partitioning polar-slush strategy in RFEs to push the boundary of Ue. Guided by phase-field simulations, we designed and fabricated high-performance Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3-SrTiO3–based RFE films with isolated slush-like polar clusters, which were realized through suppression of the nonpolar cubic matrix and introduction of highly insulating networks. The simultaneous enhancement of the reversible polarization and breakdown strength leads to a Ue of 202 joules per cubic centimeter with a high efficiency of ~79%. The proposed strategy provides a design freedom for next-generation high-performance dielectrics.
化学Chemistry
Resetting tropospheric OH and CH4 lifetime with ultraviolet H2O absorption
利用紫外水吸收重设对流层OH和CH4寿命
▲ 作者：MICHAEL J. PRATHER AND LEI ZHU
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn0415
▲摘要：
甲基氯仿（一种禁用的消耗臭氧物质）的衰变提供了对流层羟基自由基（OH）平均丰度的明确观测指标。几乎所有当前的全球化学模型都计算出约15%的OH过量，从而导致甲烷损失过快。甲烷是一种短暂的气候因子，对实现全球变暖目标至关重要，这一错误影响了人们对气候变化的模型预测。
研究组对紫外线区（290至350纳米）水汽吸收的新观测表明，近地表热带大气中的关键光解速率下降了8%至12%，导致阳光减少。化学输运模型中纳入这一新机制仅能减少4%的OH和甲烷损失，但结合其他提出的机制，如对流层卤素化学（7%），研究组有望解决这一难题。
▲ Abstract：
The decay of methyl chloroform, a banned ozone-depleting substance, has provided a clear observational metric of mean tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH) abundance. Almost all current global chemistry models calculate about 15% too much OH and thus too rapid methane loss. Methane is a short-lived climate forcer, critical to achieving global warming targets, and this error affects our model projections of climate change. New observations of water vapor absorption in the ultraviolet region (290 to 350 nanometers) imply reductions in sunlight with key photolysis rates decreasing by 8 to 12% in the near-surface tropical atmosphere. Incorporation of this new mechanism in a chemistry-transport model reduces OH and methane loss by only 4%, but combined with other proposed mechanisms, such as tropospheric halogen chemistry (7%), we may be able to resolve this conundrum.
Programmed alternating current optimization of Cu-catalyzed C-H bond transformations
铜催化C-H键转化的可编程交流电优化
▲ 作者：LI ZENG, QINGHONG YANG, JIANXING WANG, XIN WANG, PENGJIE WANG, SHENGCHUN WANG, ET AL.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado0875
▲摘要：
直流（DC）电合成技术在过去一个世纪里经历了不断的优化，在各种工业工艺中起着举足轻重的作用。交流（AC）电合成具有极性反转和周期性波动的特征，或有利于多种化学反应，但设备、原理和应用场景进展较慢。
在这项工作中，研究组介绍了一种可编程交流（pAC）电合成协议，可系统地调整电流、频率和占空比。代表性pAC波形的应用促进了在DC和化学氧化条件下表现不佳的交叉偶联和双官能化反应中的铜催化碳-氢键裂解。
此外，观察不同波形应用下的催化剂动态变化为人们提供了机理见解。
▲ Abstract：
Direct current (DC) electrosynthesis, which has undergone optimization over the past century, plays a pivotal role in a variety of industrial processes. Alternating current (AC) electrosynthesis, characterized by polarity reversal and periodic fluctuations, may be advantageous for multiple chemical reactions, but apparatus, principles, and application scenarios remain underdeveloped. In this work, we introduce a protocol for programmed AC (pAC) electrosynthesis that systematically adjusts currents, frequencies, and duty ratios. The application of representative pAC waveforms facilitates copper-catalyzed carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage in cross-coupling and difunctionalization reactions that exhibit suboptimal performance under DC and chemical oxidation conditions. Moreover, observing catalyst dynamic variation under diverse waveform applications provides mechanistic insight.
地球科学Earth Science
Stratospheric air intrusions promote global-scale new particle formation
平流层空气流入促进全球尺度新粒子的形成
▲ 作者：JIAOSHI ZHANG, XIANDA GONG, EWAN CROSBIE, GLENN DISKIN, KARL FROYD, SAMUEL HALL, ET AL.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn2961
▲摘要：
自由对流层中新粒子的形成是全球云凝结核的主要来源。主流观点认为，在自由对流层中，新粒子主要在对流云外流中形成。
研究组利用全球观测提出了另一种机制。结果发现，在平流层空气流入事件中，下降且富含臭氧的平流层空气与更湿润的自由对流层背景混合导致羟基自由基（OH）浓度升高。
这种混合在对流层顶附近最为普遍，那里二氧化硫（SO2）的混合比率较高。SO2和OH水平共同升高导致硫酸浓度升高，促进颗粒形成。这种新粒子的形成频率高，地理分布范围广，是中纬度自由对流层的重要粒子来源。
▲ Abstract：
New particle formation in the free troposphere is a major source of cloud condensation nuclei globally. The prevailing view is that in the free troposphere, new particles are formed predominantly in convective cloud outflows. We present another mechanism using global observations. We find that during stratospheric air intrusion events, the mixing of descending ozone-rich stratospheric air with more moist free tropospheric background results in elevated hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations. Such mixing is most prevalent near the tropopause where the sulfur dioxide (SO2) mixing ratios are high. The combination of elevated SO2 and OH levels leads to enhanced sulfuric acid concentrations, promoting particle formation. Such new particle formation occurs frequently and over large geographic regions, representing an important particle source in the midlatitude free troposphere.
《科学》（20240705出版）一周论文导读
Science, 5 JUL 2024, VOL 385, ISSUE 6704
《科学》2024年7月5日，第385卷，6704期
材料科学MaterialsScience
Developingfatigue-resistantferroelectricsusinginterlayerslidingswitching
利用层间滑动开关开发耐疲劳铁电体
▲作者：RENJIBIAN,RIHEetal.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado1744
▲摘要：
我们报告一种基于双层3R-MoS2滑动铁电的无疲劳铁电系统。这种铁电器件的记忆性能在低周期时不表现出唤醒效应，在不同脉宽下106个开关周期后也不表现出明显的疲劳效应。
这种器件在电场作用下的总应力时间可达105s，相对于其他器件而言，这是一个较长的应力时间。我们的理论计算表明，滑动铁电的无疲劳特性是由于滑动铁电中的固定电荷缺陷造成的。
▲Abstract：
Wereportafatigue-freeferroelectricsystembasedontheslidingferroelectricityofbilayer3Rmolybdenumdisulfide(3R-MoS2).Thememoryperformanceofthisferroelectricdevicedoesnotshowthewake-upeffectatlowcyclesorasubstantialfatigueeffectafter106switchingcyclesunderdifferentpulsewidths.Thetotalstresstimeofthedeviceunderanelectricfieldisupto105s,whichislongrelativetootherdevices.Ourtheoreticalcalculationsrevealthatthefatigue-freefeatureofslidingferroelectricityisduetotheimmobilechargedefectsinslidingferroelectricity.
Aphotoluminescenthydrogen-bondedbiomassaerogelforsustainableradiativecooling
用于可持续辐射冷却的光致发光氢键生物质气凝胶
▲作者：JIAN-WENMA,FU-RONGZENGetal.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn5694
▲摘要：
我们展示一种本征光致发光生物质气凝胶，其可见光反射率超过100%，可以产生很强的冷却效果。我们发现，DNA和明胶聚集成有序的层状气凝胶，通过荧光和磷光在可见光区达到104.0%的太阳加权反射率。在高太阳辐照度下，该材料的冷却效果可使环境温度降低16.0℃。
此外，这种能通过水焊高效批量生产的气凝胶具有很高的可修复性、可回收性和可生物降解性，形成环保的循环过程。这种生物质光致发光材料或成为设计下一代可持续冷却材料的一种途径。
▲Abstract：
Wepresentanintrinsicphotoluminescentbiomassaerogel,whichhasavisiblelightreflectanceexceeding100%,thatyieldsalargecoolingeffect.WediscoveredthatDNAandgelatinaggregationintoanorderedlayeredaerogelachievesasolar-weightedreflectanceof104.0%invisiblelightregionsthroughfluorescenceandphosphorescence.Thecoolingeffectcanreduceambienttemperaturesby16.0°Cunderhighsolarirradiance.Inaddition,theaerogel,efficientlyproducedatscalethroughwater-welding,displayshighreparability,recyclability,andbiodegradability,completinganenvironmentallyconsciouslifecycle.Thisbiomassphotoluminescencematerialisanothertoolfordesigningnext-generationsustainablecoolingmaterials.
Wignermolecularcrystalsfrommultielectronmoiréartificialatoms
多电子莫尔人工原子制备的维格纳分子晶体
▲作者：HONGYUANLI,ZIYUXIANGetal.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk1348
▲摘要：
在此，我们报告在扭曲双层二硫化钨莫尔维尔超晶格中由多电子人工原子形成的维格纳分子晶体的实验观察。利用扫描隧道显微镜，我们证明了当库仑相互作用占主导地位时，多电子人造原子中会出现维格纳分子。
在超晶格中观察到的维格纳分子阵列包括电子的结晶相：维格纳分子晶体，通过机械应变、莫尔周期和载流子电荷类型显示出高度可调。
▲Abstract：
HerewereporttheexperimentalobservationofWignermolecularcrystalsemergingfrommultielectronartificialatomsintwistedbilayertungstendisulfidemoirésuperlattices.Usingscanningtunnelingmicroscopy,wedemonstratethatWignermoleculesappearinmultielectronartificialatomswhenCoulombinteractionsdominate.ThearrayofWignermoleculesobservedinamoirésuperlatticecomprisesacrystallinephaseofelectrons:theWignermolecularcrystal,whichisshowntobehighlytunablethroughmechanicalstrain,moiréperiod,andcarrierchargetype.
生态学Ecology
Treeshaveoverlappingpotentialnichesthatextendbeyondtheirrealizedniches
树的重叠潜在生态位超过实际生态位
▲作者：DANIELC.LAUGHLINANDBRIANJ.MCGILL
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm8671
▲摘要：
树种似乎会倾向于不同的气候条件，但这种倾向受到物种互相作用和扩散的限制，从而限制了物种的分布范围。我们量化了188种北美树种的实际和潜在热生态位，对生态位的结构进行了大陆规模的测试。
我们发现了强有力且一致的证据，表明极端温度下的物种占据了不到四分之三的潜在生态位，而在年平均温度12度左右时，物种的潜在生态位会重叠。这些结果阐明了温带树种的热耐受广度，并支持了热生态位的离心组织。考虑生态位的潜在组成可以促进全球变化生态学的理论和预测。
▲Abstract：
Treespeciesappeartopreferdistinctclimaticconditions,butthetruenatureofthesepreferencesisobscuredbyspeciesinteractionsanddispersal,whichlimitspecies’ranges.Wequantifiedrealizedandpotentialthermalnichesof188NorthAmericantreespeciestoconductacontinental-scaletestofthearchitectureofniches.Wefoundstrongandconsistentevidencethatspeciesoccurringatthermalextremesoccupylessthanthree-quartersoftheirpotentialniches,andspecies’potentialnichesoverlapatameanannualtemperatureof~12°C.Theseresultsclarifythebreadthofthermaltolerancesoftemperatetreespeciesandsupportthecentrifugalorganizationofthermalniches.Accountingforthenonrealizedcomponentsofecologicalnicheswilladvancetheoryandpredictioninglobalchangeecology.
医学Medicine
AmoleculargluedegraderoftheWIZtranscriptionfactorforfetalhemoglobininduction
诱导胎儿血红蛋白的WIZ转录因子的分子胶降解剂
▲作者：PAMELAY.TING,SNEHABORIKARetal.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk6129
▲摘要：
镰状细胞病（SCD）是一种危及生命的常见病，可归因于β—血红蛋白的遗传突变。治疗性诱导胎儿血红蛋白（HbF）可以改善疾病并发症，因此被密切关注。然而，安全有效的HbF小分子诱导剂仍然不明。
我们报道了WIZ转录因子的分子胶降解剂dWIZ-1和dWIZ-2，它们可以在红母细胞中促进HbF的发现。表型筛选显示WIZ是一种以前未知的HbF抑制因子。WIZ的药理学降解在人源化小鼠和食蟹猴中具有良好的耐受性，同时可以在两者中诱导HbF。这些发现使得WIZ降解剂成为一种全球可及的SCD治疗策略。
▲Abstract：
Sicklecelldisease(SCD)isaprevalent,life-threateningconditionattributabletoaheritablemutationinβ-hemoglobin.Therapeuticinductionoffetalhemoglobin(HbF)canamelioratediseasecomplicationsandhasbeenintentlypursued.However,safeandeffectivesmall-moleculeinducersofHbFremainelusive.WereportthediscoveryofdWIZ-1anddWIZ-2,moleculargluedegradersoftheWIZtranscriptionfactorthatrobustlyinduceHbFinerythroblasts.Phenotypicscreeningofacereblon(CRBN)–biasedchemicallibraryrevealedWIZasapreviouslyunknownrepressorofHbF.PharmacologicaldegradationofWIZwaswelltoleratedandinducedHbFinhumanizedmiceandcynomolgusmonkeys.ThesefindingsestablishWIZdegradationasagloballyaccessibletherapeuticstrategyforSCD.
Evolutionandhost-specificadaptationofPseudomonasaeruginosa
铜绿假单胞菌的进化和宿主特异性适应
▲作者：AARONWEIMANN,ADAMM.DINANetal.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi0908
▲摘要：
人类细菌病原体铜绿假单胞菌会在具有潜在免疫缺陷或囊性纤维（CF）等结构性肺部疾病的人群中引起多重耐药感染。我们的研究表明，在水平基因获取的驱动下，少数环境分离株已成为主导的流行克隆株，这些克隆株在过去200年中依次出现并通过全球传播网络传播。
这些克隆株在感染CF或非CF个体方面表现出不同的内在倾向（与巨噬细胞内能够存活的特定转录变化有关）；经历了多轮趋同的、针对宿主的适应；并最终失去了在不同患者群体之间传播的能力。我们的研究结果解释了铜绿假单胞菌的致病进化，并强调了全球监测和交叉感染预防对避免未来出现流行克隆株的重要性。
▲Abstract：
ThemajorhumanbacterialpathogenPseudomonasaeruginosacausesmultidrug-resistantinfectionsinpeoplewithunderlyingimmunodeficienciesorstructurallungdiseasessuchascysticfibrosis(CF).Weshowthatafewenvironmentalisolates,drivenbyhorizontalgeneacquisition,havebecomedominantepidemicclonesthathavesequentiallyemergedandspreadthroughglobaltransmissionnetworksoverthepast200years.TheseclonesdemonstratevaryingintrinsicpropensitiesforinfectingCFornon-CFindividuals(linkedtospecifictranscriptionalchangesenablingsurvivalwithinmacrophages);haveundergonemultipleroundsofconvergent,host-specificadaptation;andhaveeventuallylosttheirabilitytotransmitbetweendifferentpatientgroups.OurfindingsthusexplainthepathogenicevolutionofP.aeruginosaandhighlighttheimportanceofglobalsurveillanceandcross-infectionpreventioninavertingtheemergenceoffutureepidemicclones.
《科学》（20241129出版）一周论文导读
《科学》（20241129出版）一周论文导读
SCIENCE, Volume 386, Issue 6725, 29 November 2024
《科学》，第386卷，6725期，2024年11月29日
生物学Biology
Suppression of neurons in circumventricular organs enables months-long survival without water in thirteen-lined ground squirrels
这样做可让十三纹地松鼠在缺水情况下存活数月
作者：MADELEINE S. JUNKINS, NI Y. FENG, DANA K. MERRIMAN, SVIATOSLAV N. BAGRIANTSEV, AND ELENA O. GRACHEVA
链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp8358
摘要：
任何经常锻炼的人都知道口渴是什么感觉。这种对水的强烈需求在哺乳动物中很常见，并确保人们对水的生理需求得到满足。然而在冬眠的动物中，饮水和口渴会被抑制数月。Junkins等人观察了十三纹地松鼠的这一现象，发现它们即使面对水分不足的生理指标，也能持续数月的抑制口渴。这种抑制是由脑室周围器官的神经元活性降低介导的，这些器官在冬季功能降低。
Abstract
Anyone who exercises regularly knows what it is like to feel intensely thirsty. This powerful drive for water is common within mammals and ensures that our physiological need for water is met. In animals that hibernate, however, drinking and thirst are suppressed for months. Junkins et al. looked at this phenomenon in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, a well-studied hibernating rodent, and found that their months-long suppression of thirst comes even in the face of physiological indicators of fluid deficit. This suppression is mediated by reduced activity of neurons in the circumventricular organs, which experience reduced function in winter.
Exposure to sugar rationing in the first 1000 days of life protected against chronic disease
出生后头1000天接受糖配给，可预防慢性疾病
作者：TADEJA GRACNER, CLAIRE BOONE, AND PAUL J. GERTLER
链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn5421
摘要：
作者利用1953年9月英国糖配给结束后的准实验变化，研究了怀孕后1000天内限制糖摄入对2型糖尿病和高血压的影响。配给制将糖的摄入量限制在当前膳食指南的范围内，配给制结束后，糖的摄入量几乎立即翻了一番。他们使用英国生物银行数据进行事件研究设计，比较定量配给结束前后怀孕的成年人，发现早期定量配给使2型糖尿病和高血压的风险分别降低了35%和20%，并将疾病发病时间分别推迟了4年和2年。在子宫内接触糖的保护作用很明显，产后限制糖的保护作用增强，尤其是在6个月后，可能开始吃固体食物。在子宫内，仅糖配给就占了风险降低的三分之一。
Abstract
We examined the impact of exposure to sugar restrictions within 1000 days after conception on type 2 diabetes and hypertension, leveraging quasi-experimental variation from the end of the United Kingdom’s sugar rationing in September 1953. Rationing restricted sugar intake to levels within current dietary guidelines, and consumption nearly doubled immediately after rationing ended. Using an event study design with UK Biobank data comparing adults conceived just before or after rationing ended, we found that early-life rationing reduced type 2 diabetes and hypertension risk by about 35 and 20% and delayed disease onset by 4 and 2 years, respectively. Protection was evident with in utero exposure and increased with postnatal sugar restriction, especially after 6 months, when eating of solid foods likely began. In utero sugar rationing alone accounted for about one-third of the risk reduction.
信息学和机器人Informatics & Robotics
Misinformation exploits outrage to spread online
虚假信息利用愤怒在网上传播
作者：KILLIAN L. MCLOUGHLIN, WILLIAM J. BRADY, ADEN GOOLSBEE, BEN KAISER, KATE KLONICK, AND M. J. CROCKETT
链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl2829
摘要：
虚假信息仍然是对国家安全和公共卫生的重大威胁。然而，社交媒体平台难以遏制有害但吸引人的内容的传播。在不同平台上，作者研究了情绪，特别是道德义愤（厌恶和愤怒的混合）在错误信息传播中的作用。
与可靠的新闻来源相比，来自虚假信息来源的帖子引起的愤怒反应和愤怒多于快乐或悲伤的情绪。用户被激励去转发那些引起愤怒的内容，并且在没有先阅读内容以辨别其准确性的情况下进行分享。仅仅强调准确分享的干预措施可能无法遏制错误信息，因为用户可能会分享令人发指的、不准确的内容，以表明他们的道德立场或对政治团体的忠诚。
Abstract
Misinformation remains a major threat to US democratic integrity, national security, and public health. However, social media platforms struggle to curtail the spread of the harmful but engaging content. Across platforms, McLoughlin et al. examined the role of emotions, specifically moral outrage (a mixture of disgust and anger), in the diffusion of misinformation. Compared with trustworthy news sources, posts from misinformation sources evoked more angry reactions and outrage than happy or sad sentiments. Users were motivated to reshare content that evoked outrage and shared it without reading it first to discern accuracy. Interventions that solely emphasize sharing accurately may fail to curb misinformation because users may share outrageous, inaccurate content to signal their moral positions or loyalty to political groups.
Magnetically programmed diffractive robotics
磁编程衍射机器人
作者：CONRAD L. SMART, TANNER G. PEARSON, ZEXI LIANG, MELODY X. LIM, MOHAMED I. ABDELRAHMAN, FRANCESCO MONTICONE, ITAI COHEN, AND PAUL L. MCEUEN
链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2177
摘要：
具有与光的波长相当特征的微型机器人为探索微观世界和在微观尺度上控制光提供了新的途径。研究者介绍了一类在可见光衍射极限下工作的新型磁控微型机器人，并将其称之为衍射机器人。
他们将纳米厚的机械膜、可编程纳米磁体和衍射光学元件结合在一起，创造出了不受束缚的微型机器人，小到足以衍射可见光，又足够灵活，可以在毫拉级磁场中进行复杂的重新配置。研究者还展示了它们的应用，包括使用一种结构照明显微镜的变体进行亚衍射成像，用于光束转向和聚焦的可调谐衍射光学元件，以及具有皮牛顿灵敏度的力传感。
Abstract
Microscopic robots with features comparable with the wavelength of light offer new ways of probing the microscopic world and controlling light at the microscale. We introduce a new class of magnetically controlled microscopic robots (microbots) that operate at the visible-light diffraction limit, which we term diffractive robots. We combined nanometer-thick mechanical membranes, programmable nanomagnets, and diffractive optical elements to create untethered microbots small enough to diffract visible light and flexible enough to undergo complex reconfigurations in millitesla-scale magnetic fields. We demonstrated their applications, including subdiffractive imaging by using a variant of structured illumination microscopy, tunable diffractive optical elements for beam steering and focusing, and force sensing with piconewton sensitivity.
化学和物理学Chemistry & Physics
Aromatic-aliphatic hydrocarbon separation with oriented monolayer polyhedral membrane
定向单层多面体膜分离芳烃-脂肪族烃
作者：HAO SUN, NAIXIN WANG, YINGHUI XU, FENGKAI WANG, JUN LU, HUANTING WANG, AND QUAN-FU AN
链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq5577
摘要：
芳烃-脂肪族烃分离是一项具有挑战性的重要工业工艺。渗透蒸发膜技术具有分离这些混合物的潜力。研究者开发了一种定向单层多面体（OMP）膜，它由一层有序的多面体粒子组成，并由超支化聚合物锚定。
它含有高密度的直的、选择性的纳米通道，使芳香分子优先运输。与传统的随机取向混合基质膜相比，OMP膜提高了芳烃-脂肪烃与C6和C7化合物混合物的渗透汽化分离指标，性能是现有膜的3 ~ 10倍。这种高性能证明了OMP膜在烃类分子分离及其在石脑油原料增值分离中的应用潜力。
Aromatic-aliphatic hydrocarbon separation is a challenging but important industrial process. Pervaporation membrane technology has the potential for separating these mixtures. We developed an oriented monolayer polyhedral (OMP) membrane that consists of a monolayer of ordered polyhedral particles and is anchored by hyperbranched polymers. It contains a high density of straight, selective nanochannels, enabling the preferential transport of aromatic molecules. Compared with traditional mixed-matrix membranes with random orientations, the OMP membrane improves the pervaporation separation index for aromatic-aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures with C6 and C7 compounds, surpassing the performance of existing membranes by 3 to 10 times. This high performance demonstrates the potential of OMP membranes for hydrocarbon molecular separation and their application in the value-added separation of naphtha feedstocks.
Realization of one-dimensional anyons with arbitrary statistical phase
具有任意统计相位的一维任意子的实现
作者：JOYCE KWAN, PERRIN SEGURA, YANFEI LI, SOOSHIN KIM, ALEXEY V. GORSHKOV, ANDRé ECKARDT, BRICE BAKKALI-HASSANI, AND MARKUS GREINER
链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi3252
摘要：
低维量子系统可以容纳任何粒子，这些粒子的交换统计量既不是玻色子也不是费米子。然而，一维上的任意子的物理学在很大程度上仍未被探索。在这项工作中，研究者利用光学晶格中的超冷原子实现了具有任意交换统计量的一维阿贝尔任意子，其中我们通过密度依赖的佩尔相来设计统计相。
他们探索了两个任意子在量子行走中的动力学行为，并观察了任意子的Hanbury Brown-Twiss效应以及在没有现场相互作用的情况下束缚态的形成。一旦引入相互作用，他们观察到与玻色子和费米子的对称动力学相反的空间不对称输运。该工作为探索一维任意子的多体行为奠定了基础。
Abstract
Low-dimensional quantum systems can host anyons, particles with exchange statistics that are neither bosonic nor fermionic. However, the physics of anyons in one dimension remains largely unexplored. In this work, we realize Abelian anyons in one dimension with arbitrary exchange statistics using ultracold atoms in an optical lattice, where we engineer the statistical phase through a density-dependent Peierls phase. We explore the dynamical behavior of two anyons undergoing quantum walks and observe the anyonic Hanbury Brown–Twiss effect as well as the formation of bound states without on-site interactions. Once interactions are introduced, we observe spatially asymmetric transport in contrast to the symmetric dynamics of bosons and fermions. Our work forms the foundation for exploring the many-body behavior of one-dimensional anyons.《科学》（20241129出版）一周论文导读
SCIENCE, Volume 386, Issue 6725, 29 November 2024
《科学》，第386卷，6725期，2024年11月29日
生物学Biology
Suppression of neurons in circumventricular organs enables months-long survival without water in thirteen-lined ground squirrels
这样做可让十三纹地松鼠在缺水情况下存活数月
作者：MADELEINE S. JUNKINS, NI Y. FENG, DANA K. MERRIMAN, SVIATOSLAV N. BAGRIANTSEV, AND ELENA O. GRACHEVA
链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp8358
摘要：
任何经常锻炼的人都知道口渴是什么感觉。这种对水的强烈需求在哺乳动物中很常见，并确保人们对水的生理需求得到满足。然而在冬眠的动物中，饮水和口渴会被抑制数月。Junkins等人观察了十三纹地松鼠的这一现象，发现它们即使面对水分不足的生理指标，也能持续数月的抑制口渴。这种抑制是由脑室周围器官的神经元活性降低介导的，这些器官在冬季功能降低。
Abstract
Anyone who exercises regularly knows what it is like to feel intensely thirsty. This powerful drive for water is common within mammals and ensures that our physiological need for water is met. In animals that hibernate, however, drinking and thirst are suppressed for months. Junkins et al. looked at this phenomenon in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, a well-studied hibernating rodent, and found that their months-long suppression of thirst comes even in the face of physiological indicators of fluid deficit. This suppression is mediated by reduced activity of neurons in the circumventricular organs, which experience reduced function in winter.
Exposure to sugar rationing in the first 1000 days of life protected against chronic disease
出生后头1000天接受糖配给，可预防慢性疾病
作者：TADEJA GRACNER, CLAIRE BOONE, AND PAUL J. GERTLER
链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn5421
摘要：
作者利用1953年9月英国糖配给结束后的准实验变化，研究了怀孕后1000天内限制糖摄入对2型糖尿病和高血压的影响。配给制将糖的摄入量限制在当前膳食指南的范围内，配给制结束后，糖的摄入量几乎立即翻了一番。他们使用英国生物银行数据进行事件研究设计，比较定量配给结束前后怀孕的成年人，发现早期定量配给使2型糖尿病和高血压的风险分别降低了35%和20%，并将疾病发病时间分别推迟了4年和2年。在子宫内接触糖的保护作用很明显，产后限制糖的保护作用增强，尤其是在6个月后，可能开始吃固体食物。在子宫内，仅糖配给就占了风险降低的三分之一。
Abstract
We examined the impact of exposure to sugar restrictions within 1000 days after conception on type 2 diabetes and hypertension, leveraging quasi-experimental variation from the end of the United Kingdom’s sugar rationing in September 1953. Rationing restricted sugar intake to levels within current dietary guidelines, and consumption nearly doubled immediately after rationing ended. Using an event study design with UK Biobank data comparing adults conceived just before or after rationing ended, we found that early-life rationing reduced type 2 diabetes and hypertension risk by about 35 and 20% and delayed disease onset by 4 and 2 years, respectively. Protection was evident with in utero exposure and increased with postnatal sugar restriction, especially after 6 months, when eating of solid foods likely began. In utero sugar rationing alone accounted for about one-third of the risk reduction.
信息学和机器人Informatics & Robotics
Misinformation exploits outrage to spread online
虚假信息利用愤怒在网上传播
作者：KILLIAN L. MCLOUGHLIN, WILLIAM J. BRADY, ADEN GOOLSBEE, BEN KAISER, KATE KLONICK, AND M. J. CROCKETT
链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl2829
摘要：
虚假信息仍然是对国家安全和公共卫生的重大威胁。然而，社交媒体平台难以遏制有害但吸引人的内容的传播。在不同平台上，作者研究了情绪，特别是道德义愤（厌恶和愤怒的混合）在错误信息传播中的作用。
与可靠的新闻来源相比，来自虚假信息来源的帖子引起的愤怒反应和愤怒多于快乐或悲伤的情绪。用户被激励去转发那些引起愤怒的内容，并且在没有先阅读内容以辨别其准确性的情况下进行分享。仅仅强调准确分享的干预措施可能无法遏制错误信息，因为用户可能会分享令人发指的、不准确的内容，以表明他们的道德立场或对政治团体的忠诚。
Abstract
Misinformation remains a major threat to US democratic integrity, national security, and public health. However, social media platforms struggle to curtail the spread of the harmful but engaging content. Across platforms, McLoughlin et al. examined the role of emotions, specifically moral outrage (a mixture of disgust and anger), in the diffusion of misinformation. Compared with trustworthy news sources, posts from misinformation sources evoked more angry reactions and outrage than happy or sad sentiments. Users were motivated to reshare content that evoked outrage and shared it without reading it first to discern accuracy. Interventions that solely emphasize sharing accurately may fail to curb misinformation because users may share outrageous, inaccurate content to signal their moral positions or loyalty to political groups.
Magnetically programmed diffractive robotics
磁编程衍射机器人
作者：CONRAD L. SMART, TANNER G. PEARSON, ZEXI LIANG, MELODY X. LIM, MOHAMED I. ABDELRAHMAN, FRANCESCO MONTICONE, ITAI COHEN, AND PAUL L. MCEUEN
链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2177
摘要：
具有与光的波长相当特征的微型机器人为探索微观世界和在微观尺度上控制光提供了新的途径。研究者介绍了一类在可见光衍射极限下工作的新型磁控微型机器人，并将其称之为衍射机器人。
他们将纳米厚的机械膜、可编程纳米磁体和衍射光学元件结合在一起，创造出了不受束缚的微型机器人，小到足以衍射可见光，又足够灵活，可以在毫拉级磁场中进行复杂的重新配置。研究者还展示了它们的应用，包括使用一种结构照明显微镜的变体进行亚衍射成像，用于光束转向和聚焦的可调谐衍射光学元件，以及具有皮牛顿灵敏度的力传感。
Abstract
Microscopic robots with features comparable with the wavelength of light offer new ways of probing the microscopic world and controlling light at the microscale. We introduce a new class of magnetically controlled microscopic robots (microbots) that operate at the visible-light diffraction limit, which we term diffractive robots. We combined nanometer-thick mechanical membranes, programmable nanomagnets, and diffractive optical elements to create untethered microbots small enough to diffract visible light and flexible enough to undergo complex reconfigurations in millitesla-scale magnetic fields. We demonstrated their applications, including subdiffractive imaging by using a variant of structured illumination microscopy, tunable diffractive optical elements for beam steering and focusing, and force sensing with piconewton sensitivity.
化学和物理学Chemistry & Physics
Aromatic-aliphatic hydrocarbon separation with oriented monolayer polyhedral membrane
定向单层多面体膜分离芳烃-脂肪族烃
作者：HAO SUN, NAIXIN WANG, YINGHUI XU, FENGKAI WANG, JUN LU, HUANTING WANG, AND QUAN-FU AN
链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq5577
摘要：
芳烃-脂肪族烃分离是一项具有挑战性的重要工业工艺。渗透蒸发膜技术具有分离这些混合物的潜力。研究者开发了一种定向单层多面体（OMP）膜，它由一层有序的多面体粒子组成，并由超支化聚合物锚定。
它含有高密度的直的、选择性的纳米通道，使芳香分子优先运输。与传统的随机取向混合基质膜相比，OMP膜提高了芳烃-脂肪烃与C6和C7化合物混合物的渗透汽化分离指标，性能是现有膜的3 ~ 10倍。这种高性能证明了OMP膜在烃类分子分离及其在石脑油原料增值分离中的应用潜力。
Aromatic-aliphatic hydrocarbon separation is a challenging but important industrial process. Pervaporation membrane technology has the potential for separating these mixtures. We developed an oriented monolayer polyhedral (OMP) membrane that consists of a monolayer of ordered polyhedral particles and is anchored by hyperbranched polymers. It contains a high density of straight, selective nanochannels, enabling the preferential transport of aromatic molecules. Compared with traditional mixed-matrix membranes with random orientations, the OMP membrane improves the pervaporation separation index for aromatic-aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures with C6 and C7 compounds, surpassing the performance of existing membranes by 3 to 10 times. This high performance demonstrates the potential of OMP membranes for hydrocarbon molecular separation and their application in the value-added separation of naphtha feedstocks.
Realization of one-dimensional anyons with arbitrary statistical phase
具有任意统计相位的一维任意子的实现
作者：JOYCE KWAN, PERRIN SEGURA, YANFEI LI, SOOSHIN KIM, ALEXEY V. GORSHKOV, ANDRé ECKARDT, BRICE BAKKALI-HASSANI, AND MARKUS GREINER
链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi3252
摘要：
低维量子系统可以容纳任何粒子，这些粒子的交换统计量既不是玻色子也不是费米子。然而，一维上的任意子的物理学在很大程度上仍未被探索。在这项工作中，研究者利用光学晶格中的超冷原子实现了具有任意交换统计量的一维阿贝尔任意子，其中我们通过密度依赖的佩尔相来设计统计相。
他们探索了两个任意子在量子行走中的动力学行为，并观察了任意子的Hanbury Brown-Twiss效应以及在没有现场相互作用的情况下束缚态的形成。一旦引入相互作用，他们观察到与玻色子和费米子的对称动力学相反的空间不对称输运。该工作为探索一维任意子的多体行为奠定了基础。
Abstract
Low-dimensional quantum systems can host anyons, particles with exchange statistics that are neither bosonic nor fermionic. However, the physics of anyons in one dimension remains largely unexplored. In this work, we realize Abelian anyons in one dimension with arbitrary exchange statistics using ultracold atoms in an optical lattice, where we engineer the statistical phase through a density-dependent Peierls phase. We explore the dynamical behavior of two anyons undergoing quantum walks and observe the anyonic Hanbury Brown–Twiss effect as well as the formation of bound states without on-site interactions. Once interactions are introduced, we observe spatially asymmetric transport in contrast to the symmetric dynamics of bosons and fermions. Our work forms the foundation for exploring the many-body behavior of one-dimensional anyons.
百度网盘链接： https://pan.baidu.com/s/1Vmuh0CrtMVW8fcc2b-nnmw?pwd=ygsc 提取码: ygsc
夸克网盘链接：https://pan.quark.cn/s/aa609bd92f0b
往期回顾：
《科学》（20241122出版）一周论文导读
《科学》（20241115出版）一周论文导读
《科学》（20241025出版）一周论文导读