001_英文杂志

0001_《科学》期刊，2024年10月18日，第6719期

0002_《科学》期刊，2024年10月25日，第6720期

《科学》（20241025出版）一周论文导读

Science, 25 OCT 2024, VOL 386, ISSUE 6720

《科学》2024年10月25日，第386卷，6720期

材料科学Materials Science

Reductive pathways in molten inorganic salts enable colloidal synthesis of III-V semiconductor nanocrystals

熔融无机盐还原途径实现III-V族半导体纳米晶的胶体合成

▲ 作者：JUSTIN C. ONDRY, ZIRUI ZHOU, KAILAI LIN, ARITRAJIT GUPTA, JUN HYUK CHANG, HAOQI WU, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado7088

▲摘要：

胶体量子点具有尺寸可调的光电特性和可扩展的合成，实现了廉价高性能半导体的应用。合成科学的突破是实现量子点技术的关键，但重要的III-V族半导体，包括胶体砷化镓（GaAs），仍然无法用现有方法合成。

研究组介绍的高温熔融盐胶体合成技术可用于制备此前难以处理的胶体材料。利用熔融盐氧化还原化学和使用表面活性剂添加剂来控制纳米晶形状，研究组在熔融无机盐中直接成核和生长胶体量子点。

425℃以上的合成温度是实现光致发光GaAs量子点的关键，这强调了熔融盐溶剂实现高温的重要性。研究组推广了该方法，并展示了近十几种此前没有报道过的III-V族固溶体纳米晶成分。

▲ Abstract：

Colloidal quantum dots, with their size-tunable optoelectronic properties and scalable synthesis, enable applications in which inexpensive high-performance semiconductors are needed. Synthesis science breakthroughs have been key to the realization of quantum dot technologies, but important group III–group V semiconductors, including colloidal gallium arsenide (GaAs), still cannot be synthesized with existing approaches. The high-temperature molten salt colloidal synthesis introduced in this work enables the preparation of previously intractable colloidal materials. We directly nucleated and grew colloidal quantum dots in molten inorganic salts by harnessing molten salt redox chemistry and using surfactant additives for nanocrystal shape control. Synthesis temperatures above 425°C are critical for realizing photoluminescent GaAs quantum dots, which emphasizes the importance of high temperatures enabled by molten salt solvents. We generalize the methodology and demonstrate nearly a dozen III-V solid-solution nanocrystal compositions that have not been previously reported.

Topological grain boundary segregation transitions

拓扑晶界偏析相变

▲ 作者：VIVEK DEVULAPALLI, ENZE CHEN, TOBIAS BRINK, TIMOFEY FROLOV AND CHRISTIAN H. LIEBSCHER

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq4147

▲摘要：

利用溶质偏析技术设计晶界（GBs）结构是一种定制多晶材料性能的颇具前景的方法。从理论上讲，溶质偏析触发GB相变可为设计界面提供不同的途径，但缺乏对其本征原子性质的理解。

研究组结合了原子分辨率电子显微镜和原子模拟，发现钛中铁向GB的偏析稳定了二十面体单元（“笼”），形成了不同GB相的稳健构建块。由于其五重对称性，铁“笼”聚集并组装成具有不同数量和不同排列的二十面体单元构建块的分层GB相。

这种先进的GB结构预测算法和原子模拟验证了这些观察到的各相稳定性，以及相变所适应GB处铁的高过量。

▲ Abstract：

Engineering the structure of grain boundaries (GBs) by solute segregation is a promising strategy to tailor the properties of polycrystalline materials. Solute segregation triggering phase transitions at GBs has been suggested theoretically to offer different pathways to design interfaces, but an understanding of their intrinsic atomistic nature is missing. We combined atomic resolution electron microscopy and atomistic simulations to discover that iron segregation to GBs in titanium stabilizes icosahedral units (“cages”) that form robust building blocks of distinct GB phases. Owing to their five-fold symmetry, the iron cages cluster and assemble into hierarchical GB phases characterized by a different number and arrangement of the constituent icosahedral units. Our advanced GB structure prediction algorithms and atomistic simulations validate the stability of these observed phases and the high excess of iron at the GB that is accommodated by the phase transitions.

Soft hydrogel semiconductors with augmented biointeractive functions

软水凝胶半导体可增强生物交互功能

▲ 作者：YAHAO DAI, SHINYA WAI, PENGJU LI, NAISONG SHAN, ZHIQIANG CAO, YANG LI, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp9314

▲摘要：

水凝胶因其与生物组织的机械和化学相似性而闻名，广泛应用于生物技术，而半导体则提供先进的电子和光电功能，如信号放大、传感和光调制。将半导体特性与水凝胶设计相结合可以增强生物界面处的生物交互功能和亲密性，但由于聚合物半导体的亲水性较低，这很难实现。

研究组开发了一种溶剂亲和诱导组装方法，将不溶于水的聚合物半导体结合到双网络水凝胶中。这些半导体表现出软至81千帕的组织级模量、150%应变的拉伸率、高达1.4平方厘米/伏/秒的载流子迁移率。当其与生物组织结合时，该组织级模量可减轻免疫反应。

水凝胶的高孔隙度增强了半导体-生物流体界面的分子相互作用，从而实现了具有更高响应的光调制和具有更高灵敏度的体积生物传感。

▲ Abstract：

Hydrogels, known for their mechanical and chemical similarity to biological tissues, are widely used in biotechnologies, whereas semiconductors provide advanced electronic and optoelectronic functionalities such as signal amplification, sensing, and photomodulation. Combining semiconducting properties with hydrogel designs can enhance biointeractive functions and intimacy at biointerfaces, but this is challenging owing to the low hydrophilicity of polymer semiconductors. We developed a solvent affinity–induced assembly method that incorporates water-insoluble polymer semiconductors into double-network hydrogels. These semiconductors exhibited tissue-level moduli as soft as 81 kilopascals, stretchability of 150% strain, and charge-carrier mobility up to 1.4 square centimeters per volt per second. When they are interfaced with biological tissues, their tissue-level modulus enables alleviated immune reactions. The hydrogel’s high porosity enhances molecular interactions at semiconductor-biofluid interfaces, resulting in photomodulation with higher response and volumetric biosensing with higher sensitivity.

能源科学Energy Science

Unification of insertion and supercapacitive storage concepts: Storage profiles in titania

插入式储能和超级电容储能概念的统一：二氧化钛中的储能概况

▲ 作者：CHUANLIAN XIAO, HONGGUANG WANG, ROBERT USISKIN, PETER A. VAN AKEN AND JOACHIM MAIER

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi5700

▲摘要：

电池电极中的插入式储能和超级电容储能通常被认为是两个独立的现象，因此由不同的科学界进行研究。

通过对不同厚度的氧化钛薄膜进行定制实验，研究组证明了这两个过程可同时发生。为了解释包含这两种贡献的整个存储分布，混合导体和邻近相中电荷载流子的（自由）能是唯一需要的材料参数。

实验结果实现了插入式储能和超级电容储能的统一，前者在厚膜中占主导地位，后者在薄膜或可忽略电子导电性的膜中占主导地位。因此，存储介质的尺寸和电流收集相的性质可用来调整功率密度与能量密度。

▲ Abstract：

Insertion storage in battery electrodes and supercapacitive storage are typically considered to be independent phenomena and thus are dealt with in separate scientific communities. Using tailored experiments on titanium oxide thin films of various thicknesses, we demonstrate the simultaneous occurrence of both processes. For the interpretation of the entire storage profile encompassing both contributions, the (free) energies of the charge carriers in the mixed conductor and the neighboring phase are the only materials parameters required. The experimental results enable no less than a unification of insertion and supercapacitive storage, the first being dominant for thick films, the latter for thin films or negligible electronic conductivity. Therefore, the size of the storage medium and the nature of the current collecting phases can be used to tune power density versus energy density.

地球科学Earth Science

The fastest-growing and most destructive fires in the US (2001 to 2020)

美国增长最快、最具破坏性的火灾（2001~2020年）

▲ 作者：JENNIFER K. BALCH, VIRGINIA IGLESIAS, ADAM L. MAHOOD, MAXWELL C. COOK, CIBELE AMARAL, AMY DECASTRO, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk5737

▲摘要：

美国历史上最具破坏性、最致命的野火来势汹汹。

利用卫星数据，研究组分析了2001年至2020年美国本土6万多起火灾的日增长率。近一半的生态区经历了破坏性的快速火灾，大火在一天内蔓延了1620多公顷。这些火灾造成78%的建筑物被毁，占灭火费用的61%（189亿美元）。

从2001年到2020年，美国西部这些火灾的平均峰值日增长率翻了一倍多（相对于2001年增长249%）。在此期间，美国有近300万栋建筑物距离一场快速火灾不到4千米。鉴于最近毁灭性的野火，了解快速火灾对于改进消防策略和社区准备至关重要。

▲ Abstract：

The most destructive and deadly wildfires in US history were also fast. Using satellite data, we analyzed the daily growth rates of more than 60,000 fires from 2001 to 2020 across the contiguous US. Nearly half of the ecoregions experienced destructive fast fires that grew more than 1620 hectares in 1 day. These fires accounted for 78% of structures destroyed and 61% of suppression costs ($18.9 billion). From 2001 to 2020, the average peak daily growth rate for these fires more than doubled (+249% relative to 2001) in the Western US. Nearly 3 million structures were within 4 kilometers of a fast fire during this period across the US. Given recent devastating wildfires, understanding fast fires is crucial for improving firefighting strategies and community preparedness.

Twenty years of microplastic pollution research—what have we learned?

二十年的微塑料污染研究——我们学到了什么？

▲ 作者：RICHARD C. THOMPSON, WINNIE COURTENE-JONES, JULIEN BOUCHER, SABINE PAHL, KAREN RAUBENHEIMER AND ALBERT A. KOELMANS

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl2746

▲摘要：

在首次使用“微塑料”一词的出版物发表20年后，研究组回顾了当前的理解，完善了定义，并考虑了未来的前景。微塑料有多种来源，包括轮胎、纺织品、化妆品、油漆和大件物品的碎片，其广泛分布在整个自然环境中，有证据表明在生物组织的多个层面上都有危害。

微塑料在食物和饮料中普遍存在，已在人体中被检测到，并出现了负面影响的新证据。到2040年，环境污染可能会翻一番，预计会造成大规模的危害。公众的关注日益增加，国际谈判正在考虑解决微塑料污染的各种措施。

当前需要明确证据证明潜在解决办法的效力，以解决微塑料污染并尽量减少意外后果的风险。

▲ Abstract：

Twenty years after the first publication that used the term microplastic, we review current understanding, refine definitions, and consider future prospects. Microplastics arise from multiple sources, including tires, textiles, cosmetics, paint, and the fragmentation of larger items. They are widely distributed throughout the natural environment, with evidence of harm at multiple levels of biological organization. They are pervasive in food and drink and have been detected throughout the human body, with emerging evidence of negative effects. Environmental contamination could double by 2040, and wide-scale harm has been predicted. Public concern is increasing, and diverse measures to address microplastic pollution are being considered in international negotiations. Clear evidence on the efficacy of potential solutions is now needed to address the issue and to minimize the risks of unintended consequences.

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0006_《科学》期刊，2024年11月15日，第6723期

《科学》（20241115出版）一周论文导读

编译|冯维维

Science, 15 November 2024, Volume 386, Issue 6723

《科学》2024年11月15日，第386卷，6723期

化学Chemistry

Detection of interstellar 1-cyanopyrene: A four-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

星际四环多环芳烃1—氰芘的检测

▲ 作者：GABI WENZEL, ILSA R. COOKE, P. BRYAN CHANGALA, EDWIN A. BERGIN, SHUO ZHANG, ANDREW M. BURKHARDT, ALEX N. BYRNE, STEVEN B. CHARNLEY, MARTIN A. CORDINER, AND BRETT A. MCGUIRE

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq6391

▲摘要：

多环芳烃（PAHs）是含有相邻芳环的有机分子。红外发射波段表明，多环芳烃在太空中是丰富的，但在星际介质中只检测到少数特定的多环芳烃。研究者利用绿岸望远镜对致密星云TMC—1进行射电观测，发现了1—氰芘，一种四环多环芳烃芘相关的氰基取代衍生物。

他们测得的1—氰芘柱密度约为1.52×1012cm-2，由此估计芘在TMC-1中含有高达0.1%的碳。这种丰度表明星际多环芳烃化学有利于芘的产生。研究者认为，一些提供给年轻行星系统的碳是由起源于冷分子云的多环芳烃携带的。

▲ Abstract：

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic molecules containing adjacent aromatic rings. Infrared emission bands show that PAHs are abundant in space, but only a few specific PAHs have been detected in the interstellar medium. We detected 1-cyanopyrene, a cyano-substituted derivative of the related four-ring PAH pyrene, in radio observations of the dense cloud TMC-1, using the Green Bank Telescope. The measured column density of 1-cyanopyrene is ~ 1.52×1012cm-2, from which we estimate that pyrene contains up to 0.1% of the carbon in TMC-1. This abundance indicates that interstellar PAH chemistry favors the production of pyrene. We suggest that some of the carbon supplied to young planetary systems is carried by PAHs that originate in cold molecular clouds.

Synchronous recognition of amines in oxidative carbonylation toward unsymmetrical ureas

不对称尿素氧化羰基化过程中胺的同步识别

▲ 作者：JINHUI WANG, SHENGCHUN WANG, ZHIHONG WEI, PENGJIE WANG, YANWEI CAO, YANG HUANG, LIN HE, AND AIWEN LEI

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl0149

▲摘要：

不对称尿素常见于药品和生物活性化合物中。然而，设计策略来选择性地引入两种不同的胺来构建不对称脲仍然是一个挑战。研究者使用同步识别策略，利用自由基和亲核活化来区分仲胺和伯胺。

具体而言，铜催化剂优先将仲胺氧化为自由基，而钴催化剂将伯胺羰基化以产生钴酰胺。这些片段通过协同催化偶联产生具有高选择性的不对称脲，41种生物活性化合物和6种药物的修饰证明了这一点。

▲ Abstract：

Unsymmetrical ureas are commonly found in pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds. However, devising strategies to introduce two distinct amines selectively in the construction of unsymmetrical ureas remains a challenge. In this work, we use a synchronous recognition strategy that takes advantage of radical and nucleophilic activation to discriminate between secondary and primary amines. Specifically, a copper catalyst preferentially oxidizes secondary amines to radical species, whereas a cobalt catalyst carbonylates primary amines to produce cobalt amides. Coupling these fragments by cooperative catalysis produces unsymmetrical ureas with high selectivity, as showcased by the modification of 41 biologically active compounds and six drugs.

物理学Physics

Subambient daytime radiative cooling of vertical surfaces

垂直表面的白天辐射冷却

▲ 作者：FEI XIE, WEILIANG JIN, J. RYAN NOLEN, HAO PAN, NAIQIN YI, YANG AN, ZHIYU ZHANG, XIANGTONG KONG, FEI ZHU, AND WEI LI

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn2524

▲摘要：

白天亚环境辐射冷却通过向外层空间发射热辐射，使温度被动地低于环境温度，即使在阳光直射下也是如此。这项技术有许多令人兴奋的应用前景。然而，以前的亚环境日间辐射冷却的演示需要直接面向天空的表面，而这些不能应用于在现实场景中无处不在的垂直表面，如建筑物和车辆。

研究者使用分层设计，角度不对称，光谱选择性热发射器演示了峰值阳光下垂直表面的亚环境日间辐射冷却。在每平方米约920瓦的峰值阳光下，他们的发射器达到的温度比环境温度低约2.5°C，与硅聚合物混合辐射冷却器和商用白漆相比，温度分别降低了约4.3°C和8.9°C。

▲ Abstract：

Subambient daytime radiative cooling enables temperatures to passively reach below ambient temperature, even under direct sunlight, by emitting thermal radiation toward outer space. This technology holds promise for numerous exciting applications. However, previous demonstrations of subambient daytime radiative cooling require surfaces that directly face the sky, and these cannot be applied to vertical surfaces that are ubiquitous in real-world scenarios such as buildings and vehicles. Here, we demonstrate subambient daytime radiative cooling of vertical surfaces under peak sunlight using a hierarchically designed, angularly asymmetric, spectrally selective thermal emitter. Under peak sunlight of about 920 watts per square meter, our emitter reaches a temperature that is about 2.5°C below ambient temperature, corresponding to a temperature reduction of about 4.3° and 8.9°C compared with a silica-polymer hybrid radiative cooler and commercial white paint, respectively.

Glaciation of liquid clouds, snowfall, and reduced cloud cover at industrial aerosol hot spots

工业气溶胶热点的冷凝作用

▲ 作者：VELLE TOLL, JORMA RAHU, HANNES KEERNIK, HEIDO TROFIMOV, TANEL VOORMANSIK, PETER MANSHAUSEN, EMMA HUNG, DANIEL MICHELSON, MATTHEW W. CHRISTENSEN, AND NICOLAS BELLOUIN

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl0303

▲摘要：

人为气溶胶冻结过冷云滴的能力仍然存在争议。研究者提供了温度在—10°C和—24°C之间的工业气溶胶热点的过冷液态水云结冰的观测证据。与附近液态水云相比，受冰川影响区域的短波反射率降低了14%，长波辐射增加了4%。云量减少了8%，云光学厚度减少了18%。此外，每天由冰川引起的降雪量达到15毫米。

工业气溶胶热点顺风方向的冰期事件表明，人为气溶胶可能起到冰核粒子的作用。然而，核电站顺风处罕见的冰川事件表明，除气溶胶排放外，其他因素也可能在观测到的冰川事件中起作用。

▲ Abstract：

The ability of anthropogenic aerosols to freeze supercooled cloud droplets remains debated. In this work, we present observational evidence for the glaciation of supercooled liquid-water clouds at industrial aerosol hot spots at temperatures between -10° and -24°C. Compared with the nearby liquid-water clouds, shortwave reflectance was reduced by 14% and longwave radiance was increased by 4% in the glaciation-affected regions. There was an 8% reduction in cloud cover and an 18% reduction in cloud optical thickness. Additionally, daily glaciation-induced snowfall accumulations reached 15 millimeters. Glaciation events downwind of industrial aerosol hot spots indicate that anthropogenic aerosols likely serve as ice-nucleating particles. However, rare glaciation events downwind of nuclear power plants indicate that factors other than aerosol emissions may also play a role in the observed glaciation events.

生态学与地质学Ecology & Geology

Diverse and larger tree islands promote native tree diversity in oil palm landscapes

多样化的更大的树岛促进了油棕景观中原生树木的多样性

▲ 作者：GUSTAVO B. PATERNO , FABIAN BRAMBACH, NATHALY GUERRERO-RAMíREZ, DELPHINE CLARA ZEMP, AIZA F. CANTILLO, NICOLò CAMARRETTA, CARINA C. M. MOURA, OLIVER GAILING, JOHANNES BALLAUFF, AND HOLGER KREFT

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado1629

▲摘要：

在单一栽培为主的景观中，恢复生物多样性是一个优先事项，但有效的恢复策略尚未确定。本研究对油棕景观中52个人工岛木本植物的分类、系统发育和功能多样性进行了被动恢复策略和主动恢复策略的对比研究。大的树岛和较高的初始植物多样性促进了多样性的恢复，尤其是景观水平上的功能多样性。

在局部尺度上，研究结果表明，更大的初始种植多样性会带来更大的本地招募多样性，从而克服了高度修饰景观中自然招募的局限性。建立大型和多样化的树岛对于保护油棕景观中的珍稀、特有和森林相关物种至关重要。

▲ Abstract：

In monoculture-dominated landscapes, recovering biodiversity is a priority, but effective restoration strategies have yet to be identified. In this study, we experimentally tested passive and active restoration strategies to recover taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of woody plants within 52 tree islands established in an oil palm landscape. Large tree islands and higher initial planted diversity catalyzed diversity recovery, particularly functional diversity at the landscape level. At the local scale, results demonstrated that greater initial planting diversity begets greater diversity of native recruits, overcoming limitations of natural recruitment in highly modified landscapes. Establishing large and diverse tree islands is crucial for safeguarding rare, endemic, and forest-associated species in oil palm landscapes.

Predictions of groundwater PFAS occurrence at drinking water supply depths in the United States

美国饮用水供应深度地下水中的PFAS预测

▲ 作者：ANDREA K. TOKRANOV, KATHERINE M. RANSOM, LAURA M. BEXFIELD, BRUCE D. LINDSEY, ELISE WATSON, DANIELLE I. DUPUY, PAUL E. STACKELBERG, MIRANDA S. FRAM, STEFAN A. VOSS, AND PAUL M. BRADLEY

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado6638

▲摘要：

全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）俗称“永远的化学品”，对人类健康有不利影响，由于长期和广泛使用，已污染了美国各地的饮用水供应。由于缺乏系统的分析，美国人可能在不知不觉中饮用了含有PFAS的水，特别是在家庭供水中。

研究者提出了一个极端梯度增强模型，用于预测美国邻近地区饮用水供应深处地下水中PFAS的发生。模型结果表明，在美国邻近地区，7100万至9500万人在进行任何处理之前，可能依赖于PFAS浓度可检测的地下水作为饮用水供应。

▲ Abstract：

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), known colloquially as “forever chemicals,” have been associated with adverse human health effects and have contaminated drinking water supplies across the United States owing to their long-term and widespread use. People in the United States may unknowingly be drinking water that contains PFAS because of a lack of systematic analysis, particularly in domestic water supplies. We present an extreme gradient–boosting model for predicting the occurrence of PFAS in groundwater at the depths of drinking water supply for the conterminous United States. Our model results indicate that 71 million to 95 million people in the conterminous United States potentially rely on groundwater with detectable concentrations of PFAS for their drinking water supplies before any treatment.

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Science-20241122

《科学》（20241122出版）一周论文导读

编译|李言

Science, 22 NOV 2024, Volume 386 Issue 6724

《科学》2024年11月22日，第386卷，6724期

化学物理Chemical Physics

Ultrafast all-optical coherence of molecular electron spins in room-temperature water solution

室温水溶液中分子电子自旋的超快全光相干性

▲ 作者：ERICA SUTCLIFFE, NATHANAEL P. KAZMIERCZAK, AND RYAN G. HADT

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads0512

▲摘要：

在这项研究中，我们利用泵浦—探测偏振光谱来初始化和跟踪分子中的电子自旋相干性。通过设计使自旋与光高效耦合，水溶性的六氯铱酸钾（IV）在室温和微摩尔浓度下，可以检测几皮秒的自由感应衰变信号。

我们发现，黏度对退相干寿命变化影响很大。该方法将实验时间分辨率提高了5个数量级，使得在传统技术只能显示25K以下相干性的系统中观察分子电子自旋相干性成为可能。

▲ Abstract：

In this study, we utilized pump-probe polarization spectroscopy to initialize and track electron spin coherence in a molecule. Designed to efficiently couple spins to light, aqueous potassium hexachloroiridate(IV) enabled detection of few-picosecond free-induction decay at room temperature and micromolar concentrations. Viscosity was found to strongly vary decoherence lifetimes. This approach has improved the experimental time resolution by up to five orders of magnitude, making it possible to observe molecular electron spin coherence in a system that only exhibits coherence below 25 kelvin with traditional techniques.

材料科学Material Sciences

Mechanically strong yet metabolizable supramolecular plastics by desalting upon phase separation

通过相分离脱盐，获得机械强度高但可代谢的超分子塑料

▲ 作者：YIREN CHEN, EIJI HIRANO, HAO WANG et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado1782

▲摘要：

在海洋中可代谢的塑料对于可持续发展非常重要。在这项研究中，我们报告了前所未有的塑料的非共价合成，这种塑料机械强度高，但由于其与电解质的解离性质，在生物相关条件下可代谢。

盐桥接六偏磷酸钠与二或三位硫酸胍在水中形成交联的超分子网络，除非电解质重新补给，否则该连接是稳定的。这种不寻常的稳定性是由液—液相分离引起的，这种分离将盐桥接产生的硫酸钠排出到富水相中。

干燥剩余的冷凝液相产生可热重塑的玻璃塑料，如热塑性塑料，甚至在疏水性聚对二甲苯涂层的水介质中也可用。这种方法可以扩展到适用于三维打印的多糖基超分子塑料。

▲ Abstract：

Plastics that can metabolize in oceans are highly sought for a sustainable future. In this work, we report the noncovalent synthesis of unprecedented plastics that are mechanically strong yet metabolizable under biologically relevant conditions owing to their dissociative nature with electrolytes. Salt-bridging sodium hexametaphosphate with di- or tritopic guanidinium sulfate in water forms a cross-linked supramolecular network, which is stable unless electrolytes are resupplied. This unusual stability is caused by a liquid-liquid phase separation that expels sodium sulfate, generated upon salt bridging, into a water-rich phase. Drying the remaining condensed liquid phase yields glassy plastics that are thermally reshapable, such as thermoplastics, and usable even in aqueous media with hydrophobic parylene C coating. This approach can be extended to polysaccharide-based supramolecular plastics that are applicable for three-dimensional printing.

地球科学Earth Sciences

Ship collision risk threatens whales across the world’s oceans

船舶碰撞风险威胁全球海洋里的鲸鱼

▲ 作者：ANNA C. NISI, HEATHER WELCH et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp1950

▲摘要：

在商业捕鲸几乎完全停止后，船舶碰撞已成为大型鲸鱼的主要威胁，但世界上大多数海洋区域都缺乏对碰撞风险的了解。我们建立了一个包含43.5万鲸鱼位置的数据集，以生成4个遍布全球的种群的分布模型。

然后，我们将17.6万艘船的超过350亿个位置结合起来，得出了全球捕鲸船碰撞风险的估计。92%的鲸鱼活动范围内都有航运活动，不到7%的风险热点包含减少碰撞的管理策略。只要将管理范围扩大到2.6%的海洋表面，就可以实现热点地区的全面覆盖。在航运业快速发展的背景下，这些结论可支持大型鲸鱼种群的持续恢复。

▲ Abstract：

After the near-complete cessation of commercial whaling, ship collisions have emerged as a primary threat to large whales, but knowledge of collision risk is lacking across most of the world’s oceans. We compiled a dataset of 435,000 whale locations to generate global distribution models for four globally ranging species. We then combined >35 billion positions from 176,000 ships to produce a global estimate of whale-ship collision risk. Shipping occurs across 92% of whale ranges, and <7% of risk hotspots contain management strategies to reduce collisions. Full coverage of hotspots could be achieved by expanding management over only 2.6% of the ocean’s surface. These inferences support the continued recovery of large whales against the backdrop of a rapidly growing shipping industry.

生物学Biology

Reconstruction of the human amylase locus reveals ancient duplications seeding modern-day variation

重建人类淀粉酶位点揭示了古代基因拷贝是现代变异的起源

▲ 作者：FEYZA YILMAZ, CHARIKLEIA KARAGEORGIOU et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn0609

▲摘要：

我们在98名现代人中以核苷酸分辨率鉴定了30种结构上不同的单倍型，揭示了AMY1拷贝的编码序列在负选择下进化。对古人类和古人类基因组中这些单倍型的基因组分析表明，一种可以追溯到80万年前的常见三拷贝单倍型，通过反复出现的非等位基因同源重组，促使快速演化的重排。

此外，在过去的4000年里，AMY1拷贝数超过3个的单倍型在欧洲农民中出现的频率显著增加，这可能是对淀粉消化增加的适应性响应。

▲ Abstract：

We identified 30 structurally distinct haplotypes at nucleotide resolution among 98 present-day humans, revealing that the coding sequences of AMY1 copies are evolving under negative selection. Genomic analyses of these haplotypes in archaic hominins and ancient human genomes suggest that a common three-copy haplotype, dating as far back as 800,000 years ago, has seeded rapidly evolving rearrangements through recurrent nonallelic homologous recombination. Additionally, haplotypes with more than three AMY1 copies have significantly increased in frequency among European farmers over the past 4000 years, potentially as an adaptive response to increased starch digestion.

动物学Zoology

Direct hearing measurements in a baleen whale suggest ultrasonic sensitivity

须鲸的直接听力测量表明它对超声波很敏感

▲ 作者：DORIAN S. HOUSER, PETTER H. KVADSHEIM et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado7580

▲摘要：

缺乏有关海洋动物听力的信息，阻碍了预测和减轻人为噪音对海洋动物的影响。我们制定了一个捕获和释放计划，在夏季迁徙期间暂时扣留青春期小须鲸进行听力测试。

2023年，两只小须鲸贡献了听觉脑干反应的测量结果和听力频率范围的数据。结果表明，小须鲸对高达45至90千赫兹的声音频率非常敏感。这些测试提供了可能影响小须鲸和其他相关须鲸物种的人为噪音类型的信息。

▲ Abstract：

Predicting and mitigating the impacts of anthropogenic ocean noise on marine animals is hindered by a lack of information on hearing in these species. We established a catch-and-release program to temporarily hold adolescent minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) for hearing tests during their summer migration. In 2023, two minke whales provided measures of the auditory brainstem response and data on the frequency range of their hearing. Results show that minke whales are sensitive to sound frequencies as high as 45 to 90 kilohertz. These tests provide information on the types of anthropogenic noise that could affect minke whales and potentially, other related baleen whale species.

Population connectivity shapes the distribution and complexity of chimpanzee cumulative culture

种群连通性决定了黑猩猩累积文化的分布和复杂性

▲ 作者：CASSANDRA GUNASEKARAM, FEDERICO BATTISTON et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk3381

▲摘要：

在此，我们研究了黑猩猩累积文化的进化起源以及为什么它仍然处于初级阶段。为了追踪四个黑猩猩亚种之间的文化传播，我们基于最近迁移的遗传标记和共享的文化特征比较了种群网络。

我们表明，有限的群体连接水平有利于黑猩猩中积累文化的一些实例的出现。就像人类一样，文化的复杂化可能是逐步发生的，包括人群之间的传播、渐进式的变化和技术的重新利用。我们认为，在社会模式上的分歧导致了人属物种之间的流动性增加,导致了对文化交流和性别化的不可逆转的依赖。

▲ Abstract：

Here, we investigated the evolutionary origins of chimpanzee cumulative culture and why it remained incipient. To trace cultural transmission among the four chimpanzee subspecies, we compared population networks based on genetic markers of recent migration and shared cultural traits. We show that limited levels of group connectivity favored the emergence of a few instances of cumulative culture in chimpanzees. As in humans, cultural complexification likely happened in steps, with transmission between populations, incremental changes, and repurposing of technologies. We propose that divergence in social patterns led to increased mobility between groups in the genus Homo, resulting in irreversible dependence on cultural exchange and complexification.